With the development of deep, underground coal mines in China, the failure mechanism of the rocks surrounding roadways is becoming increasingly complicated and the deformational control is also significantly difficult. In this study, based on the temporal and spatial deformational distribution of the deep roadway area in the 2233 working face of Fuxin Hengda Coal Mine, factors affecting the deformation and failure mechanism of deep-buried roadways, such as cohesion (c), tensile strength (${\mathsf{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{t}}$), internal friction angle (φ), vertical ground stress (p), and the horizontal-to-vertical stress ratio (λ), were analyzed using orthogonal numerical experiments. The stress and electromagnetic radiation monitoring data were used to locate areas of highly concentrated deformation in the roadway and surrounding rocks. The results show that the order of the degree of influence of the surrounding rock and geometric parameters on the deformation of the deep-buried roadway is φ > p > ${\mathsf{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{t}}$ > λ > c. The vertical stress of the roof and the horizontal stress of the two sides are negatively correlated with the tensile strength and horizontal-to-vertical stress ratio, respectively, and mainly shear failure occurs in the area. The higher the level of the surrounding rock, the more serious is the deterioration and deformation. The electromagnetic radiation reflects the distribution range of the high-stress concentration area and strength deterioration area. The test results accurately describe the deformation–deterioration-failure laws of rock surrounding deep-buried roadways influenced by different factors. The results are of great significance for analyzing the deformation and failure characteristics of rocks surrounding roadways, preventing rockburst, and supporting the parameter optimization of roadways.