To systematically review the effects of exercise on fascicle geometry and muscle size parameters of the upper extremity muscles, the CENTRAL, CINAHL, PubMed and OpenGrey databases were searched on 31 July 2021. Finally, 17 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included in this systematic review. High-intensity bench press training (g = 1.03) and 12 RM bench press exercises (g = 1.21) showed a large effect size on increasing pectoralis major muscle size. In the elbow extensors, large effects were reported for an increase in muscle size with isometric maximal voluntary co-contraction training (g = 1.97), lying triceps extension exercise (g = 1.25), and nonlinear periodised resistance training (g = 2.07). In addition, further large effects were achieved in the elbow flexors via traditional elbow flexion exercises (g = 0.93), concentric low-load forearm flexion-extension training (g = 0.94, g = 1), isometric maximal voluntary co-contraction training (g = 1.01), concentric low-load forearm flexion-extension training with blood flow restriction (g = 1.02, g = 1.07), and nonlinear periodised resistance training (g = 1.13, g = 1.34). Regarding the forearm muscles, isometric ulnar deviation training showed a large effect (g = 2.22) on increasing the flexor carpi ulnaris and radialis muscle size. Results show that these training modalities are suitable for gaining hypertrophy in the relevant muscles with at least four weeks of training duration. Future RCTs should investigate the effects of exercise modalities on the triceps brachii fascicle geometry, the infraspinatus muscle thickness (MT) and the subscapular MT due to their associations with sports performance.

Objective: To systematically review the effects of eccentric training based on biceps femoris fascicle length using ultrasound assessment and extrapolation methods. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Data sources: CENTRAL, CINAHL Plus with full text, PubMed and OpenGrey databases were searched on 6 July 2021. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) lasting at least four weeks and presenting data about biceps femoris (BF) fascicle length (FL) as an outcome. Method: Searching databases, screening studies, performing risk of bias assessments and determining the level of evidence (LoE) for each meta-analysis were applied during the study. PRISMA 2020 statement and Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions were used as the guidelines of this systematic review. Results: Eight randomised controlled trials included in meta-analyses. Based on the very low and low LoE, eccentric training has small (g = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.85]), moderate (g = 0.72, 95% CI [0.17, 1.28]) and large (g = 2.20, 95% CI [0.99, 3.41]) effect sizes (ES) based on manual linear extrapolation (MLE), panoramic ultrasound scanning and trigonometric equation methods, respectively. Similarly, Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) has small (g = 0.23 [-1.02, 1.47]), small (g = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.27]) and large (g = 1.98, 95% CI [0.52, 3.44]) ES based on the MLE, panoramic ultrasound scanning and trigonometric equation methods, respectively. Conclusion: ES of eccentric training, including NHE, vary between the MLE, panoramic ultrasound scanning, and equation methods. The relevant scientific community should have a consensus on measurement standards of the BF FL measurements. Further studies can be conducted to compare the effects of eccentric training based on the ultrasound assessment and extrapolation methods.

BACKGROUND: Hallux valgus (HV) is one of the most common deformities of the foot, and it causes great difficulties for the patients. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the effects of different rigid taping techniques on HV angle, foot motor performan

This study aimed to develop and determine the test-retest, intra- and interrater reliability, and validity of the Closed Kinetic Chain Lower Extremity Stability Test (CKCLEST). Three-blinded, cross-sectional, repeated-measures clinical measurement reliability trial. Fifty young adults participated in this study. To assess the reliability of CKCLEST, intraclass correlation coefficient, standard error of measurement, minimal detectable change, and Bland–Altman plot were used. For concurrent validity of CKCLEST was applied Spearman correlation analysis with Vertical Jump Test, Isokinetic Dynamometer Test, Single-Leg Hop Test, and Prone Bridge Test. All analyses were made for both the best score and the average score. CKCLEST showed excellent reliability. ICC for test-retest reliability (0.93; 0.84), intrarater reliability (rater 1: 0.90; 0.83- rater 2: 0.93; 0.85), and interrater reliability (0.90; 0.83) was calculated for average score and best score, respectively. CKCLEST was found to be moderately correlated with each of the tests. CKCLEST is a highly reliable, valid, and new clinical assessment tool.

Amaç: Bu araştırma, adölesan erkek basketbolcularda ''core'' kuvvet antrenmanının ''core'' kas enduransı, denge, çeviklik ve anaerobik güç parametreleri üzerine etkisini incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Araştırmaya, yaş ortalaması 16,84±0,37 yıl olan 13 erkek basketbolcu katılmıştır. Sporcular, 6 hafta süreyle haftada 3 gün, günde 40 dk ''core'' antrenman programına tabi tutulmuşlardır. Altı haftalık antrenman programı öncesi ve sonrası ''core'' kas enduransı, McGill Endurans Testi; statik denge, Biodex Denge Sistemi; çeviklik, Hexagonal Obstacle Testi (HOT) ve anaerobik güç ise Koşu Tabanlı Anaerobik Sprint Testi (RAST) ile değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Çalışmaya katılan basketbolcuların, antrenman öncesi ve sonrası tüm ''core'' kas enduransı, RAST ve HOT skorları ve denge testindeki gözler kapalı yumuşak zemin üzerinde salınım indeksinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark olduğu (p0,05). Sonuç: Bu araştırma ile ''core'' antrenman programlarının, ''core'' kas enduransını artırmanın yanı sıra çeviklik ve anaerobik güç gibi performans parametrelerini de geliştirmek amacıyla uygulanabileceği gösterilmiştir. Sportif performansı artırmak ve yaralanma risklerini azaltmak amacıyla ''core'' antrenman programlarının, adölesan basketbolcuların antrenman programlarına eklenmesinde yarar vardır.