Mangrove ecosystems sequester and store large amounts of carbon in both biomass and soil. In this study, species diversity, the above and below-ground biomass as well as carbon stock by the mangroves in Kanhlyashay natural mangrove forest were estimated. Six true mangrove species from four families were recorded in the sample plots of the study area. Among them, Avicennia officinalis L. from the Acanthaceae family was the abundance of species with an importance value of 218.69%. Shannon–Wiener’s diversity index value (H′ = 0.71) of the mangrove community was very low compared to other natural mangrove forests since the mangrove stands in the study site possessed a low number of mangrove species and were dominated by a few species. Estimated mean biomass was 335.55 ± 181.41 Mg ha⁻¹ (AGB = 241.37 ± 132.73 Mg ha⁻¹, BGB = 94.17 ± 48.73 Mg ha⁻¹). The mean overall C-stock of the mangrove stand was 150.25 ± 81.35 Mg C ha⁻¹ and is equivalent to 551.10 ± 298.64 Mg CO₂ eq. The role of forests in climate change is two-fold as a cause and a solution for greenhouse gas emissions. The result of the study demonstrated that the mangroves in Letkhutkon village have high carbon storage potential, therefore it is necessary to be sustainably managed to maintain and increase carbon storage. Climate change mitigation may be achieved not only by reducing the carbon emission levels but also by maintaining the mangrove ecosystem services as carbon sinks and sequestration.

Rhizosphere microbes in forests are key elements of the carbon sequestration of terrestrial ecosystems. To date, little is known about how the diversity and species interactions of the active rhizomicrobial community change during soil carbon sequestration and what interactions drive these changes. In this study, we used a combination of DNA and stable isotope method to explore correlations between the composition of microbial communities, N transformation, and the sequestration de novo of carbon in soils around Pinus tabuliformis and Quercus variabilis roots in North China. Rhizosphere soils from degraded lands, primary stage land (tree roots had colonized in degraded soil for 1 year), and nature forest were sampled for analyses. The results showed that microbial communities and newly sequestered soil organic carbon (SOC) contents changed with different tree species, environments, and successive stages. The fungal unweighted and weighted UniFrac distances could better show the different microbial species structures and differences in successive stages. Newly sequestered SOC was positively correlated with the bacterial order Rhizobiales (in P. tabuliformis forests), the fungal order Russulales (in Q. variabilis forests), and δ¹⁵N. Consequently, the bacterial order Rhizobiales acted as an important taxa for P. tabuliformis root-driven carbon sequestration, and the fungal order Russulales acted as an important taxa for Q. variabilis root-driven carbon sequestration. The two plant species allocated root exudates to different portion of their root systems, which in turn altered microbial community composition and function. The δ¹⁵N of soil organic matter could be an important indicator to estimate root-driven carbon sequestration.

Understanding the response of soil respiration to changes in temperature and moisture is critical to accurately assess the impact of afforestation on regional carbon balance. In order to investigate the response of soil respiration to soil temperature and moisture, we partitioned soil respiration into three components (heterotrophic respiration, root respiration, and rhizomicrobial respiration) using ¹³C natural abundance during the growing season in a Robinia pseudoacacia plantation in northern China. Root respiration and soil microbial respiration had a significantly positive relationship with soil temperature. Heterotrophic respiration was positively correlated with soil moisture, while rhizomicrobial respiration significantly decreased with a reduction in soil moisture. Our findings suggest that the responses of plant roots and soil microorganisms to soil temperature and moisture were different. According to the prediction of the rootmicrobial model developed in this study, average soil respiration will increase by 12 mg C m^-2 h^-1 when soil temperature increases by 2ºC in the plantation. By modelling the relationship of a root-microbial system during the growing season in a plantation in northern China, the temperature and moisture sensitivities of soil respiration can be characterized.

Vegetation plays an important role in carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems and is affected by climate change and human activities. As a major factor affecting vegetation growth, the role of soil moisture in the impacts of climate change on vegetation is not well understood. Therefore, the effects of climate change on net primary productivity (NPP) may be underestimated. In this study, we analyzed the spatial distribution of NPP and land use degree comprehensive index (LDCI) in China from 2001 to 2020. The actual and relative contributions of climate change and human activities to NPP variation were explored. The findings indicated that NPP trended upward in 73.12%, 66.78%, and 81.34% of woodland, grassland, and cropland areas, respectively. Most of the woodland and grassland showed a decreasing trend in LDCI, while 48.63% of the cropland showed an increasing trend. The positive joint effects of climate change and human activities increased the NPP of woodlands, grasslands, and croplands by 42.83%, 53.49%, and 45.22%, respectively. Human activities (55.04%) contributed more to NPP than did climate change (44.96%). Analyzing the response of NPP (woodlands, grasslands, and croplands) to climate change and human activities in China is conducive to taking more targeted measures for different land use types to increase carbon sinks in terrestrial ecosystems.

Mangrove forests provide many ecosystem services to coastal communities and are essential in addressing climate change and coastal erosion. Unfortunately, physical pressures, including timber extraction, firewood, and land conversion to agriculture and aquaculture have threatened this ecosystem. Recognizing the reduction in mangrove coverage, mangrove plantations are widely being utilized in many countries to restore ecosystem services, including capturing and storing atmospheric carbon. However, it is still being determined whether mangrove plantations can sequester carbon as much as natural mangroves. This study investigated the carbon storage potential of the planted mangrove in the Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar. Field data: the diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 5 cm and the total tree height (H) ≥ 1 m of all standing trees within each plot were measured and recorded according to species and were used to calculate biomass and carbon storage. The findings of the present study described that the overall average above- and belowground carbon storage of the mangrove plantation was 100.34 ± 50.70 Mg C ha⁻¹ and 34.76 ± 16.59 Mg C ha⁻¹, respectively. Biomass and carbon storage were closely related to the stand basal area. Among species, the Avicennia officinalis species contributed the highest total biomass carbon accumulation. The average amount of carbon sequestration by the planted mangroves was 495.85 MgCO₂-eq ha⁻¹. According to the findings, mangrove plantations could achieve benefits in terms of carbon storage and sequestration in biomass with suitable species selection and management. This finding can be applied to mangrove plantation management at the regional and global levels.