Objective: In this study review, the relationship between observed parental behavior and the observed symptoms of distress in pediatric patients, as well as the subjective experiences of pain in pediatric patients undergoing painful medical procedures, was analyzed. Method: A systematic search of articles using PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane, and DARE was performed. The risk of bias and the level of evidence were assessed. Meta-analyses were performed for the selected variables. Results: Twenty-nine relevant publications were selected. The results of the analyses showed that apology, giving control to the child, empathy, and criticism were most strongly associated with children's distress and pain during painful medical procedures in the group of patients aged 2 to 18 years. In the case of patients below the age of 2, insensitive behaviors were positively related to the level of distress. Conclusions: The lack of tender, physical closeness with the parent increases distress in children under 2 years of age during painful medical procedures, and adults drawing their attention to the threatening aspects of a medical situation produces this effect in older children. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

The widespread COVID-19 conspiracy theories are a problem in dealing with the pandemic, as their proponents tend not to adhere to public health regulations. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationships between religious fundamentalism, delusions, compliance with public health regulations, and religion-related conspiracy beliefs about the COVID-19 pandemic. The participants were 570 internet users aged 18–60. They responded to questions regarding sociodemographic variables, compliance with public health regulations, conspiracy beliefs concerning COVID-19, as well as the Revised Religious Fundamentalism Scale, and the Delusions Scale. The results indicated that people exhibiting more conspiracy beliefs were less likely to comply with public health regulations concerning the COVID-19 pandemic and showed more religious fundamentalism. Additionally, there was an indirect effect of religious fundamentalism on conspiracy beliefs through delusions. The results suggest that when formulating epidemiological messages, it is worth paying attention to the importance of rational thinking.

The aim of this article was to analyze the fit of the model of time perspective, measured by the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI; Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999), to data collected in three countries: the United States (N = 283), Poland (N = 510), and Nigeria (N = 357). Confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory structural equation modeling, an expected parameter change and parallel analysis were used. The best-fitted model of time perspective was the one in the United States, and the least fitted model was the one in Nigeria. Possible sources of misspecifications in the model of time perspective were discussed. We also present an analysis of the fit of the four-factor model of time perspective. The four-factor model was very well fitted in the United States and in Poland. Results were discussed in the context of clock time and event time theory.

Circadian rhythm and sleep are related to health, but there is little data on the relationship between the sleep/wake rhythm and mood at different stages of pregnancy. The aim of this prospective, longitudinal study was to investigate the associations of circadian rhythm and sleep disruptions with stress and depression among women in early and late pregnancy. The participants were 26 pregnant women. Objective and subjective estimations of circadian rhythm and sleep were administered, namely actigraphy and the Biological Rhythms Interview of Assessment in Neuropsychiatry in the form of a questionnaire. The Perceived Stress Scale and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale were also used. Subjectively perceived circadian rhythm disruptions were positively related to stress. Tendency to maintain a regular rhythm of sleep and activity in early pregnancy and subjectively perceived disruptions of circadian rhythms in late pregnancy were positively associated with prenatal depression in late pregnancy. Sleep fragmentation and long time spent in bed at night in early pregnancy were positively associated with stress and depression in late pregnancy. The results suggest the importance of flexibility and the ability to adapt one's circadian activities to the demands of the situation of pregnancy-related changes in lifestyle. They also indicate the significance of good-quality uninterrupted night sleep in early pregnancy.