Iron(III) amino triphenolate complexes were studied as catalysts for the reaction of carbon dioxide (CO₂) with cyclohexene oxide, which can lead to the formation of cyclic carbonate and/or polycarbonate products. Both types of compound are relevant, but for their practical application it is crucial to be able to control the selectivity of the reaction. By working under solvent-free, green conditions with CO₂ in the supercritical state and by tailoring the nature and the relative amount of the co-catalyst (Bu₄NX or PPNX, where X is a halide) used in combination with the iron(III) complex, we have been able to enhance the catalytic efficiency and achieve a selective and high-yield synthesis of either the cyclic or the polymeric product. The studied reaction is relevant in the context of green chemistry as it provides an atom-efficient route for the conversion of CO₂, which is an inexpensive, widely available, renewable and non-toxic feedstock, into valuable products.

Zn(salphen), in combination with Bu₄NI, was studied as a binary catalyst system for CO₂-fixation in the context of organic carbonate formation. The catalytic potential of this binary catalyst system was considerably improved by working in a solvent-free, CO₂-rich environment, thereby increasing the overall contact between the reagents and catalyst. Under these green conditions, excellent conversion and selectivity towards the cyclic carbonate product were obtained with epoxides that are generally less prone to undergo cycloaddition with carbon dioxide. The effect of the reaction conditions and the type of co-catalyst employed together with Zn(salphen) were systematically investigated and optimised.

Multilayered covalently supported ionic liquid catalysts achieve excellent TON and productivity in the reaction of CO₂ with various epoxides to produce cyclic carbonates.

Carp is an important aquaculture species globally, and the production is expected to increase with the growing market demands. Despite that, disease outbreaks remain a major challenge, impeding the development of sustainable carp farming. Moreover, the application of antibiotics, a common prophylactic agent, can adversely impact public health and the environment. Therefore, polysaccharide has been recognized as a novel prophylactic agent in the health management of carp farming, as well as gaining consumers’ confidence in carp farming products. In this review, the definition, sources, and main roles of polysaccharides in improving growth performance, stimulating the immune system, enhancing disease resistance, and alleviating abiotic stresses in carp farming are discussed and summarized. In addition, the use of polysaccharides in combination with other prophylactic agents to improve carp farming production is also highlighted. This review aims to highlight the roles of polysaccharides and provide valuable information on the benefits of polysaccharides in carp farming.

Macrobrachium rosenbergii can be found in northwest India’s freshwater to Southeast Asia, Papua New Guinea, and Northern Australia. Nowadays, it becomes the most commercially crucial freshwater crustacean species cultured in many countries in the Asia region and beyond its natural distribution. On the other hand, feed additives are one of the feed ingredients that significantly improve the immune system, enhance the ingestion of feed, stress resistance, and reproduction. There are also many challenges in feed additives, i.e., high price, water-soluble, food safety, environmental issue, and the ban of nutritive antibiotics. Intensified research is devoted to exploiting natural products such as herbs in developing herbal feed additives to enhance cultured aquatic species’ performance. Herbs are cheap, safe, effective, easily prepared, biodegradable resources, and a high potential for mass production. Herbs contain many beneficial ingredients that can help as a growth promoter and immunostimulants for animals. However, herbal plants’ application to the animal must be in the right dosage to prevent toxicity. This review discusses the findings from different studies related to the in-vitro and in-vivo applications of herbs as a growth promoter, antimicrobial, and immunostimulant agent besides its opportunity and limitations in applying herbs focusing on M. rosenbergii culture.