Wstęp: Spirometria jest podstawową techniką wykorzystywaną w diagnozowaniu i monitorowaniu chorób obturacyjnych. Coraz większą grupę objętą badaniami spirometrycznymi stanowią osoby w wieku podeszłym, które ukończyły 65. rok życia. Celem pracy była ocena jakości wykonania spirometrii (pomiaru krzywej przepływ–objętość) u osób w tej grupie wiekowej w odniesieniu do obowiązujących kryteriów jakościowych zdefiniowanych w zaleceniach ERS/ATS 2005 i PTChP 2006. Materiał i Metody: Badanie miało charakter retrospektywny. Przeanalizowano wyniki badań spirometrycznych 1271 osób w wieku 65–94 lata, którym wykonano spirometrię w Pracowni Fizjopatologii Oddychania Kujawsko-Pomorskiego Centrum Pulmonologii w Bydgoszczy w ciągu 6 miesięcy. W tej grupie było 759 mężczyzn (śr. wiek: 73.2 ± 5.9 roku) oraz 512 kobiet (śr. wiek: 73.2 ± 5.7 roku). Oceniano wykonanie spirometrii na podstawie analizy kodów błędów przypisywanych sesji spirometrycznej przez oprogramowanie JLab 5.31 systemu pomiarowego MasterScreen (CareFusion). Wyniki: Spośród 1271 osób spirometrii nie wykonało 29 badanych (2.3%). U pozostałych 1242 osób stwierdzono: bezbłędnie wykonaną spirometrię u 415 (33.4%); jeden błąd u 673 (54.2%); 2 błędy u 136 (11%); 3 błędy u 15 (1.2%) i 4 błędy u 3 osób (0.2%). Analizując poszczególne błędy, stwierdzono: brak plateau na końcu wydechu u 747 (60.1%) (w tym jedynie 25—2% badanych miało FET < 6 s), zbyt dużą wartość BEV u 7 (0.6%) osób; gwałtowne zakończenie wydechu u 36 (2.9%); brak powtarzalności FVC u 43 (3.5%) i FEV1 u 169 (13.6%) badanych. Wnioski: Najczęściej występującym błędem było nieosiąganie plateau na końcu wydechu. Dlatego zwrócenie szczególnej uwagi na końcową fazę wydechu w czasie badania powinno przyczynić się do zwiększenia odsetka prawidłowo wykonanych spirometrii u osób w podeszłym wieku.

INTRODUCTION: Spirometry, which is a basic diagnostic tool of the respiratory system, may cause problems to patients of advanced age because of required cooperation and specific respiratory manoeuvres. Impulse oscillometry (IOS) may be an interesting alternative for spirometry as the examination is made during quiet breathing and gives information about resistive properties of the respiratory system. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This work presents the results of oscillometric measurements made in 277 patients aged 65–96 years, in whom spirometry was also performed. RESULTS: Resistances measured with IOS (R5, R5-R20) and the resonant frequency Fn correlated significantly with FEV1 (r = –0.503; –0.570 and –0.673, respectively). A comparison of the results from patients with airway obstruction confirmed in spirometry with those of the non-obstructed group showed highly significant differences in mean values of oscillometric parameters (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: As R5-R20 is regarded as a measure of peripheral airways resistance, IOS may serve as an interesting complementary or alternative method for spirometry in elderly subjects for evaluation of the state of respiratory system. INTRODUCTION: Spirometry, which is a basic diagnostic tool of the respiratory system, may cause problems to patients of advanced age because of required cooperation and specific respiratory manoeuvres. Impulse oscillometry (IOS) may be an interesting alternative for spirometry as the examination is made during quiet breathing and gives information about resistive properties of the respiratory system. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This work presents the results of oscillometric measurements made in 277 patients aged 65–96 years, in whom spirometry was also performed. RESULTS: Resistances measured with IOS (R5, R5-R20) and the resonant frequency Fn correlated significantly with FEV1 (r = –0.503; –0.570 and –0.673, respectively). A comparison of the results from patients with airway obstruction confirmed in spirometry with those of the non-obstructed group showed highly significant differences in mean values of oscillometric parameters (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: As R5-R20 is regarded as a measure of peripheral airways resistance, IOS may serve as an interesting complementary or alternative method for spirometry in elderly subjects for evaluation of the state of respiratory system.

Home mechanical ventilation (HMV) is a dynamically developing field of medicine driven by the increasing number of patients and technological advancements. In Poland, HMV has been financed from public funds since 2004. However, the organization of HMV is still evolving in search of the optimal model of care. The aim of this study was to analyze 11 years of HMV in terms of the number of patients, modes of ventilation, diagnosis and regional prevalence. In retrospective analysis of data reported to the National Health Fund by all health entities providing HMV in Poland in the period from 2009 to 2019, the following variables were included: age, sex, date of commencement, ventilation mode, diagnosis, and place of treatment. The diseases were identified according to the ICD-10 codes. A total of 12,616 patients receiving HMV were reported, including 1221 children (9.7%). The HMV prevalence increased from 2.8 in 2009 to 20/100,000 in 2019. In adults, the highest increase was reported for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, who accounted for 39% of all HMV users in 2019. The proportion of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) increased from 56% in 2014 to 73% in 2019. We identified significant regional variations in the prevalence of HMV between provinces. The main drivers for HMV development include full reimbursement, the development of hospital NIV centers and the involvement of respiratory physicians in the referral process for HMV.

In 2019, a pandemic began due to infection with a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. In many cases, this coronavirus leads to the development of the COVID-19 disease. Lung damage in the course of this disease often leads to acute hypoxic respiratory failure and may eventually lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Respiratory failure as a result of COVID-19 can develop very quickly and a small percent of those infected will die because of it. There is currently no treatment for COVID-19, therefore the key therapeutic intervention centers around the symptomatic treatment of respiratory failure. The main therapeutic goal is to main-tain gas exchange, mainly oxygenation, at an appropriate level and prevent the intensification of changes in the lung parenchyma. Depending on the severity of hypoxemia different techniques can be used to improve oxygenation. Medical staff dealing with COVID-19 patients should be familiar with both, methods used to treat respiratory failure and the epidemiological risks arising from their use. In some patients, conventional (passive) oxygen therapy alone is sufficient. In patients with worsening respiratory failure high flow nasal oxygen therapy (HFNOT) may be effective. The continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and non-invasive ventilation (NIV) methods can be used to a limited extent. With further disease progression, invasive ventilation must be used and in special situations, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can also be administered. The authors of this article set themselves the goal of presenting the most current knowledge about the epidemiology and patho-physiology of respiratory failure in COVID-19, as well as the methods of its treatment. Given the dynamics of the developing pandemic, this is not an easy task as new scientific data is presented almost every day. However, we believe the knowledge contained in this study will help doctors care for patients with COVID-19. The main target audience of this study is not so much pneumonologists or intensivists who have extensive experience in the application of the techniques discussed here, but rather doctors of other specializations who must master new skills in order to help patients during the time of a pandemic.

Introduction: Home mechanical ventilation (HMV) is increasingly used in the treatment of chronic respiratory failure further to rapid technological development, increasing number of elderly people and extension of indications. The aim of the study was to assess: prevalence of HMV in Poland, the proportions of lung disease and neuromuscular patients using HMV and the type of interface (invasive v. non-invasive). Material and methods: The questionnaire was sent to all institutions providing HMV in Poland and to regional departments of National Health System (NHS). Results: All NHS departments responded. They reported 846 HMV users, 31% of whom were children. The prevalence of HMV in Poland was assessed as 2.2 patient per 100.000 population without striking differences between provinces. Among 39 HMV centers in Poland 12 (31%) answered. They reported 206 patients (24% of all HMV users). Proportion of ventilation mode consisted of 59% (122 pts) treated via a tracheostomy and 41% (84 pts) with non invasive ventilation (NIV). 168 patients (82%) had neuromuscular diseases (ND), majority of them muscular dystrophy—57 patients ( 34% of ND) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis—39 patients (23% of ND). There were only 38 patients (18%) with lung and thoracic cage diseases: 17 with COPD and 10 with kyphoscoliosis. Conclusions: The prevalence of HMV treatment in Poland has developed dramatically in the last decade, but is still very low comparing to other European countries, especially due to very low number of patients with lung and chest wall diseases. The prevalence of invasive mode of ventilation is extremely high. The most important factors which inhibit development of HMV in Poland are: omission of respiratory physicians in the process of qualification, lack of national guidelines, sophisticated demands for HMV providers. The awareness of the need of HMV especially in patients with respiratory failure due to obesity hypoventilation syndrome and restrictive lung diseases should be increased among chest physicians.