Does Board Diversity Matter for the Quality of CSR Disclosure? Evidence from the Financial Sector of Pakistan

The influence of corporate governance on quality of loan has rarely been explored in banking sector of Pakistan. This study, therefore, aims to investigate the effect of corporate governance on loan quality by employing relevant econometric specification such as panel fixed effect and 2SLS regression models, for the period 2005–2015. The findings reveal lower proportion of block holder, lower debt level, low frequency of board meetings and high percentage of affiliated audit committee play pivotal role in improving loan quality of the banks. Our study has practical and policy implications which might be useful whilst policy makers devise and implement Code of Corporate Governance with the aim to reduce nonperforming loans in the country’s banking sector.

Purpose: This study aims to test the Kuznets curve between economic growth and child labor, along with the influence of exports, household size and rural population in the context of Pakistan.Design/methodology/approach: To achieve the research objective, this study applied the unit root test, bound co-integration test, and autoregressive distributive lags (ARDL) method for the period of 1972–2021.Findings: The findings show an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and child labor indicating that at the beginning stage of economic development, child labor increases due to lower per capita household and subsequently, in the long-run of economic development, child labor decreases due to the higher per capita households. Moreover, the results also show that exports, household size and rural population have a positive influence on increasing child labor.Research limitations/implications: The policymakers and government of Pakistan need to focus on long-term economic growth policies, ensure free quality education and cheap equipment which practices minimum manpower to reduce the threat of child labor.Social implications: Having long-run economic growth, the government of Pakistan need to equally benefit the households and the poor population to reduce child labor and enhance the social welfare of society.Originality/value: To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that investigates the Kuznets curve relationship between economic growth and child labor in the context of Pakistan. Moreover, this study contributes to the reduction in child labor through long-term economic growth in the context of Pakistan.Peer review: The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-05-2023-0387