Modern agricultural activities and concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) are two of the major sources of groundwater contamination that affect the quality of drinking water. Conventional water quality improvement methods include direct filtration, coagulation/settling treatment techniques, membrane-based systems, and absorption-based systems. However, to date, there are no efficient and cost-effective processes available for water treatment. This study developed an innovative nanotechnology-based technique to improve groundwater quality. Magnetic nanosponges (MNSs) were synthesized and characterized using two different magnetic nanoparticles along with polymeric coagulants. The efficiency of MNSs in removing pollutants in wastewater collected from local diary and swine CAFO lagoons was investigated. Standard water quality evaluation parameters, such as the total organic content (TOC), turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), and biological oxygen demand (BOD), were measured prior to and after treatment with MNSs. The results demonstrate the potential of MNSs to improve the quality of groundwater and support the development of a cost-effective best management practice (BMP) that also employs traditional coagulants at CAFOs and other wastewater treatment plants.

Since the 1950s, plastic production has skyrocketed. Various environmental and human activities are leading to the formation and accumulation of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, causing detrimental effects on water, soil, plants, and living creatures. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are one of the primary MP management centers meant to check their entry into the natural systems. However, there are considerable limitations in effectively capturing, detecting, and characterizing these MPs in the inlet and outlet of WWTPs leading to “unaccounted MPs” that are eventually discharged into our ecosystems. In order to assess the holistic picture of the MPs’ distribution in the ecosystems, prevent the release of these omitted MPs into the environment, and formulate regulatory policies, it is vital to develop protocols that can be standardized across the globe to accurately detect and account for MPs in different sample types. This review will cover the details of current WWTP adoption procedures for MP management. Specifically, the following aspects are discussed: (i) several processes involved in the workflow of estimating MPs in the outlet of WWTPs; (ii) key limitations or challenges in each process that would increase the uncertainty in accurately estimating MPs; (iii) favorable recommendations that would lead to the standardization of protocols in the workflow and facilitate more accurate analysis of MPs; (iv) research opportunities to tackle the problem of ‘missing MPs’; and (v) future research directions for the efficient management of MPs. Considering the burgeoning research interest in the area of MPs, this work would help early scientists in understanding the current status in the field of MP analysis in the outlet of WWTPs.