Background: Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is an ancient medicinal plant with a long history of use in traditional medicine. It possesses a diverse array of bioactive compounds and has been employed for centuries in Asian countries, especially India and other developing nations, to address fungal infections affecting the skin, mouth, urinary system, and vaginal tract. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the antibacterial effects of an ethanolic extract derived from the S. aromaticum plant on clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis. This was achieved by conducting an agar diffusion susceptibility test, indicating the presence of an inhibitory zone against the growth of the microorganisms. Methods: In this study, 251 clinical urine samples were collected from women suffering from urinary tract infections (UTIs) aged 17 to 52 years in Baghdad City, Iraq, from September 2021 to January 2022. The samples were examined to determine the occurrence of E. faecalis through morphological identification. This involved employing conventional and differential culture media, performing biochemical tests, and utilizing the Vitek II system. Results: Enterococcus faecalis isolates were found in 35 (16.43%) of 213 samples that showed positive bacterial cultures detected by conventional bacteriological methods and Vitek II. Based on antimicrobial susceptibility test results, 4 concentrations (100, 50, 25, and 12.5 mg/mL) of alcoholic extract of S. aromaticum showed considerable effectiveness against all 35 E. faecalis isolates, where the diameters of the inhibition zones ranged from 21.13 to 7.14 mm; however, no inhibition of zone was seen at concentrations of 6.25 and 3.125 mg/mL. Conclusions: The ethanolic extract obtained from the dried flower buds of clove (S. aromaticum) exhibited significant potential as an antibacterial agent. Furthermore, it suggests the exploitation of this plant as a novel therapeutic alternative for the treatment of UTIs to deal with the problem of drug resistance.

Legionnaires’ disease (LD) is a type of severe pneumonia that mainly caused by bacteria of the genus Legionella. LD bacteria reside in the water systems of facilities where lack of water exchange or flow plays a crucial role in enhancing bacterial growth. The under-recognition of the dangers of Legionella along with easing of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown restrictions and global reopening, pose a potential increased risk of developing LD. Various Legionella species can lead to legionellosis infections, including LD and Pontiac fever. Legionellosis cases is generally found in natural or artificial aquatic environments such as cooling towers, hot water tanks, or air conditioning. The bacteria elude the host’s immune responses by various strategies, including releasing effector proteins. Thus, this review provides insight into the microbiology, epidemiology, and host cell biology of L. pneumophila, as well as an emphasis on the bacterial novel survival strategies of L. pneumophila. Also, suggests taking intensive actions towards closed buildings as a potential source of bacterial infection.

Antibacterial activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Capsella Bursa were carried out against eight different species of bacteria, Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus fecalis and Gram-negative Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia marcescens,Acinitobacter bumani, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is active antibacterial only against gram-negative bacteria. The ethanolic and aqueous extract from the same plant showed different activities; the aqueous extract (hot) showed the same or greater activity than the ethanolic extract. by disc diffusion, hot aqueous extract 2000 and 3000 µg/ml inhibition zone was observed against five gram negative pathogens in almost similar pattern . Ethanolic extract was active only against Ps.aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae. The MIC and MBC values of the ethanolic and aqueous extract of Capsella Bursa was active against most bacteria. All isolates were tested by different con- centration of sub-MIC of aqueous and ethanolic extracts give different activities of these concentrations to inhibit or omitting the ability of those isolates to produce virulence factors (DNase, Haemolysin production and Lipase production). Finally, the Broth dilution assay showed larger activity than the disc diffusion method

This study aimed to detect bacteria causing diarrhea in human by molecular method. During 2021 and 2022, around 150 patients (both sexes) with chronic diarrhoea or similar symptoms were registered at a private clinic. After collecting all of the necessary patient data, a sterile cotton swab was used to collect faecal samples, which were then put in a peptone water broth and sent off to the lab within an hour, then cultured on different media. Multiple biochemical assays and serotyping led to positive identifications of the bacterial isolates. The molecular study includes three primers uidA, invA, 16s rRNA. The current study showed that female 55% was highly infected than male 45% and the total percentage of infection was 40%. The present study exhibited that the age group of 1-5 years had higher infectivity than other age groups. In comparison to other bacteria, this research found that E. coli was the most common cause of diarrhoea in patients.