Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have garnered considerable attention due to their remarkable antimicrobial and biomedical properties. This review offers a comprehensive overview of AgNP synthesis methods, stability factors, toxicity concerns, and future research directions, including advancements driven by artificial intelligence (AI). Various synthesis approaches, including physical, chemical, electrochemical, photochemical, and biological methods, are explored, with particular emphasis on sustainable alternatives such as plant-based synthesis, as well as bacterial, fungal, and algal-mediated methods. Key factors influencing AgNP stability, such as size, shape, and surface modifications, are examined to assess their impact on functionality and overall performance. The biomedical applications of AgNPs, including their roles in antimicrobial treatments, wound healing, drug delivery, and cancer therapy, are reviewed alongside concerns about cytotoxicity and environmental implications. Nonetheless, we still have gaps in our understanding of the long-term biological impacts and our capacity to build consistent synthesis procedures. Challenges in AgNP synthesis, such as scalability, reproducibility, and controlled functionalization, are also discussed. Additionally, the integration of AI in AgNP research is highlighted, showcasing its potential in optimizing synthesis parameters, predicting stability, and enhancing material performance. This review aims to provide a thorough understanding of AgNP synthesis, stability, and biomedical applications while addressing toxicity issues and emphasizing the AI role in advancing nanoparticle research. This integration is a unique feature of the current article, as it has rarely been explored in previous studies. Finally, future perspectives and research directions are outlined to address existing challenges and drive further innovation in AgNP development with an emphasis on applying AI technology to overcome existing synthesis restrictions, improve repeatability, and promote intelligent AgNP-based medicinal platform design.

The primary objective of this study was to describe the cytotoxicity on HEPG-2 cells and to study the COVID‑19 activities of the novel H₂L ligand and its Cr and Cu nano-complexes. As well as exploring the chemistry of the prepared nano-complexes. In this paper novel Schiff base, N-(4, 6-dimethyl pyrimidin-2-yl)-4-(((2-hydroxyl naphthalene-1-y l) methylene) amino) benzene—sulfonamidesulfonyl) amide has been synthesized. The novel Schiff base H₂L is used to synthesize novel nano and micro-complexes with CrCl₂.6H₂O and CuCl₂.2H₂O. The prepared ligand and micro complexes were interpreted by different spectroscopic techniques. The nano-sized Cr and Cu complexes were synthesized in an environmentally friendly manner usingCoriandrum sativum(CS) media extract in ethanol. The structure, morphologies and particle size of the nano-sized complexes were determined using FT-IR, TEM, and PXRD. The results showed that the nano-domain complexes are on the Sub-nano scale. Furthermore, using TGA, we studied the effect of heat on the size of newly prepared nano-complexes. Experimental data were supported by DFT calculations. The findings revealed that the metal complexes investigated are more stable than the free ligand H₂L. The antitumor activity was examined before and after heating the nano-complexes at 200 °C. The results reveal the Cr nano complex, after heating, exhibited strong antitumor activity with IC₅₀value (3.349 μg/ml). The tested Cu nano-complex shows good DNA cleavage. The liver cancer and COVID19 proteins were examined using molecular docking to identify the potential binding energy of inhibitors.

A new Schiff base (H₂L) generated from sulfamethazine (SMT), as well as its novel micro- and nanocomplexes with Ni(II) and Cd(II) metal ions, have been synthesized. The proposed structures of all isolated solid compounds were identified with physicochemical, spectral, and thermal techniques. Molar conductance studies confirmed that the metal complexes are not electrolytic. The molecular geometry located at the central metal ion was found to be square planar for the NiL₂ and tetrahedral for the CdL₂ complexes. The kinetic and thermal parameters were obtained using the Coats and Redfern approach. Coriandrum sativum (CS) in ethanol was used to create the eco-friendly Ni and Cd nanocomplexes. The size of the obtained nanoparticles was examined using PXRD and TEM, and found to be in the sub-nano range (3.07–4.61 nm). Furthermore, the TEM micrograph demonstrated a uniform and homogeneous surface morphology. The chemistry of the prepared nanocomplexes was studied using TGA and TEM techniques. The effect of temperature on the prepared nanocomplexes’ size revealed a decrease in size by heating. Furthermore, the nanocomplexes’ antimicrobial and anticancer properties were evaluated. The outcomes demonstrated that the nanocomplexes exhibited better antimicrobial properties. Moreover, the antitumor results showed that after heating, the Ni nanocomplex exhibited a substantial antitumor activity (IC₅₀ = 1.280 g/mL), which was higher than the activity of cis-platin (IC₅₀ = 1.714 g/mL). Finally, molecular-docking studies were performed to understand the evaluated compounds’ ability to bind to methionine adenosyl-transferases (PDB ID: 5A19) in liver cancer and COVID-19 main protease (PDB ID: 6lu7) cell-proteins. The findings reveal that [NiL₂]·1.5H₂O₂ has a higher binding energy of −37.5 kcal/mol with (PDB ID: 5A19) cell protein.