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Dr. Wen-Shao Chang
School of Architecture, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Building Conservation
0 Earthquake Engineering
0 Structural Dynamics
0 Structural Health Monitoring
0 Timber engineering

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Building Conservation
Earthquake Engineering
Timber floor vibration

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Journal article
Published: 15 April 2021 in Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings
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‘Rope effect’ is a positive effect caused by the failure of fasteners of dowel-type connections. A similar mechanism can be found in connections with screw reinforcement. For self-tapping screws used as reinforcement for connections, bending of self-tapping screws tend to close the developed cracks. Utilising the withdrawal resistance provided by the threads on the point end of the screw and the pull-through resistance from the screw head, screw reinforcement enhances the embedment strength and splitting resistance of the wood and increases the ductility of the connection. This study investigates the influence of different thread length and location on the reinforcement effectiveness regarding the embedment strength of the timber. For cases when there are only threads located on the point end, the splitting resistance increases with longer thread length, indicating that the ‘Rope Effect’ is progressively enhanced. This study also finds that screws with halved thread length demonstrate similar reinforcement effectiveness to fully threaded screws while the partial threads reduce the risks of damaging the screw during installation. A calculation method to predict the load-carrying capacity of screw reinforced dowel-type connection is also proposed.

ACS Style

Cong Zhang; Kiho Jung; Richard Harris; Wen-Shao Chang. ‘Rope effect’ mechanism of self-tapping screws as reinforcement on dowel-type connections. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings 2021, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Cong Zhang, Kiho Jung, Richard Harris, Wen-Shao Chang. ‘Rope effect’ mechanism of self-tapping screws as reinforcement on dowel-type connections. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings. 2021; ():1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cong Zhang; Kiho Jung; Richard Harris; Wen-Shao Chang. 2021. "‘Rope effect’ mechanism of self-tapping screws as reinforcement on dowel-type connections." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings , no. : 1-10.

Original paper
Published: 11 April 2021 in Construction Robotics
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In this paper, a methodology for path distance and time synthetic optimal trajectory planning is described in order to improve the work efficiency of a robotic chainsaw when dealing with cutting complex timber joints. To demonstrate this approach one specific complicated timber joint is used as an example. The trajectory is interpolated in the joint space by using a quantic polynomial function which enables the trajectory to be constrained in the kinematic limits of velocity, acceleration, and jerk. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) is applied to optimize the path of all cutting surfaces of the timber joint in operating space to achieve the shortest path. Based on the optimal path, an adaptive genetic algorithm (AGA) is used to optimize the time interval of interpolation points of every joint to realize the time-optimal trajectory. The results of the simulation show that the PSO method shortens the distance of the trajectory and that the AGA algorithm reduces time intervals and helps to obtain smooth trajectories, validating the effectiveness and practicability of the two proposed methodology on path and time optimization for 6-DOF robots when used in cutting tasks.

ACS Style

Yiping Meng; Yiming Sun; Wen-Shao Chang. Optimal trajectory planning of complicated robotic timber joints based on particle swarm optimization and an adaptive genetic algorithm. Construction Robotics 2021, 5, 131 -146.

AMA Style

Yiping Meng, Yiming Sun, Wen-Shao Chang. Optimal trajectory planning of complicated robotic timber joints based on particle swarm optimization and an adaptive genetic algorithm. Construction Robotics. 2021; 5 (2):131-146.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yiping Meng; Yiming Sun; Wen-Shao Chang. 2021. "Optimal trajectory planning of complicated robotic timber joints based on particle swarm optimization and an adaptive genetic algorithm." Construction Robotics 5, no. 2: 131-146.

Journal article
Published: 04 January 2021 in Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings
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ACS Style

Cong Zhang; Richard Harris; Wen-Shao Chang. Self-tapping screws as reinforcement on single-dowel connections with artificial cracks. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings 2021, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Cong Zhang, Richard Harris, Wen-Shao Chang. Self-tapping screws as reinforcement on single-dowel connections with artificial cracks. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings. 2021; ():1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cong Zhang; Richard Harris; Wen-Shao Chang. 2021. "Self-tapping screws as reinforcement on single-dowel connections with artificial cracks." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings , no. : 1-11.

Journal article
Published: 29 December 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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With the increasing aging population in modern society, falls as well as fall-induced injuries in elderly people become one of the major public health problems. This study proposes a classification framework that uses floor vibrations to detect fall events as well as distinguish different fall postures. A scaled 3D-printed model with twelve fully adjustable joints that can simulate human body movement was built to generate human fall data. The mass proportion of a human body takes was carefully studied and was reflected in the model. Object drops, human falling tests were carried out and the vibration signature generated in the floor was recorded for analyses. Machine learning algorithms including K-means algorithm and K nearest neighbor algorithm were introduced in the classification process. Three classifiers (human walking versus human fall, human fall versus object drop, human falls from different postures) were developed in this study. Results showed that the three proposed classifiers can achieve the accuracy of 100, 85, and 91%. This paper developed a framework of using floor vibration to build the pattern recognition system in detecting human falls based on a machine learning approach.

ACS Style

Yu Shao; Xinyue Wang; Wenjie Song; Sobia Ilyas; Haibo Guo; Wen-Shao Chang. Feasibility of Using Floor Vibration to Detect Human Falls. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 18, 200 .

AMA Style

Yu Shao, Xinyue Wang, Wenjie Song, Sobia Ilyas, Haibo Guo, Wen-Shao Chang. Feasibility of Using Floor Vibration to Detect Human Falls. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 18 (1):200.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yu Shao; Xinyue Wang; Wenjie Song; Sobia Ilyas; Haibo Guo; Wen-Shao Chang. 2020. "Feasibility of Using Floor Vibration to Detect Human Falls." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1: 200.

Journal article
Published: 07 December 2020 in Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials
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ACS Style

Cong Zhang; Kiho Jung; Richard Harris; Wen-Shao Chang. Drive-in torque for self-tapping screws into timber. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials 2020, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Cong Zhang, Kiho Jung, Richard Harris, Wen-Shao Chang. Drive-in torque for self-tapping screws into timber. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials. 2020; ():1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cong Zhang; Kiho Jung; Richard Harris; Wen-Shao Chang. 2020. "Drive-in torque for self-tapping screws into timber." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials , no. : 1-13.

Journal article
Published: 17 November 2020 in Structures
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The vibration of cross laminated timber (CLT) floor is closely related to human-induced loadings. However, research and prediction approaches regarding human-induced vibration of the CLT floor have been mostly limited to a single-person excitation condition. This paper presents new prediction approaches to the vibration response of the CLT floor under multi-person loadings. The effect of multi-person loadings on the vibration performance of a CLT floor was investigated through numerical modelling, experimental testing and analytical investigation. A finite element model was developed through a computational software to perform an accurate analysis of human-induced loadings. An analytical model was established to predict human-induced vibration of the CLT floor under multi-person loadings. Experimental tests were conducted to validate the numerical modelling. Results of both numerical modelling and experimental testing showed that the vibration performance of the CLT floor under multi-person loadings was almost double that under single-person loadings. Thus, multi-person activities are more likely to cause the occupants feelings of discomfort. A method for predicting the human-induced vibration of the CLT floor under multi-person loadings was then developed. The measured response, numerical modelled response, and predicted response were compared using an existing design metric, vibration dose value (VDV). The results were largely consistent. It is therefore concluded that the proposed prediction method will enable engineers to design timber floor systems that consider multi-person loadings.

ACS Style

Chang Wang; Wen-Shao Chang; Weiming Yan; Haoyu Huang. Predicting the human-induced vibration of cross laminated timber floor under multi-person loadings. Structures 2020, 29, 65 -78.

AMA Style

Chang Wang, Wen-Shao Chang, Weiming Yan, Haoyu Huang. Predicting the human-induced vibration of cross laminated timber floor under multi-person loadings. Structures. 2020; 29 ():65-78.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chang Wang; Wen-Shao Chang; Weiming Yan; Haoyu Huang. 2020. "Predicting the human-induced vibration of cross laminated timber floor under multi-person loadings." Structures 29, no. : 65-78.

Research article
Published: 04 November 2020 in Structural Control and Health Monitoring
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As a vibration control technique, tuned mass damper (TMD) system has been shown to be effective in reducing the human‐induced vibration of a cross‐laminated timber (CLT) floor. However, the lightweight property of such a floor means there could be off‐tuning when its mass varies. This study therefore developed a steel‐based multi‐TMD (MTMD) system and a shape memory alloy (SMA)‐based MTMD system to reduce human‐induced vibration of the CLT floor. The superelastic SMA components can give the MTMD system more resilience and thus improve the robustness. Two 3‐TMD systems in different locations and 5‐TMD systems were designed to be effective within a certain bandwidth. The results show that SMA‐based 5‐TMDs are the most effective in reducing human‐induced vibration, for example, single‐person and two‐person slow walking, fast walking and running, as they can cover a wider frequency band. By contrast, the effectiveness of the steel‐based MTMD systems was unsatisfactory owing to permanent deformation of the steel components. When the loads on the CLT floor changed, the SMA‐based 5‐TMDs exhibited high robustness and were able to maintain the response at a low level. Test results show that a high‐frequency excitation could degrade the effectiveness of the MTMD, as this is beyond the effective bandwidth. Therefore, future investigations should focus on developing strategies to enlarge the bandwidth of the MTMD.

ACS Style

Haoyu Huang; Chang Wang; Wen‐Shao Chang. Reducing human‐induced vibration of cross‐laminated timber floor—Application of multi‐tuned mass damper system. Structural Control and Health Monitoring 2020, 28, 1 .

AMA Style

Haoyu Huang, Chang Wang, Wen‐Shao Chang. Reducing human‐induced vibration of cross‐laminated timber floor—Application of multi‐tuned mass damper system. Structural Control and Health Monitoring. 2020; 28 (2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Haoyu Huang; Chang Wang; Wen‐Shao Chang. 2020. "Reducing human‐induced vibration of cross‐laminated timber floor—Application of multi‐tuned mass damper system." Structural Control and Health Monitoring 28, no. 2: 1.

Journal article
Published: 04 August 2020 in Engineering Structures
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When the characteristics of the main structure are changed, tuned mass damper (TMD) is easy to meet off-tuning problem. The object of this study is to develop a TMD with shape memory alloy (SMA) to reduce the vibration caused by off-tuning under seismic excitations. By materials characterisation of SMA, when the working temperature rises from −40 °C to 65 °C, the stiffness increases and the equivalent damping ratio drops. The SMA-based TMD was installed on a steel frame and tested under earthquake loading. The results show the SMA-based TMD is able to reduce the seismic response in the range of 34.09–47.77% at the tuned condition. However, by changing the main structural mass, the TMD was easy to be off-tuned. To retune the TMD, the SMA was heated and cooled for the TMD to resonate with the natural frequency of the main structure. When the SMA is cooled, the peak and RMS accelerations can be effectively reduced by up to 23.98% and 35.51%, respectively. It was found that the SMA-based TMD performs well if the frequency change of the main structure is in the same order. But when the temperature of SMA is increased higher than 19 °C, the damping ratio of SMA decreases, which causes a less effectiveness in reducing the vibration. In the future, the combinations of multiple SMA bars in TMD should be studied, and the applications of SMAs with higher phase transformation temperature can be investigated to improve the sensitivity while heating.

ACS Style

Haoyu Huang; Khalid M. Mosalam; Wen-Shao Chang. Adaptive tuned mass damper with shape memory alloy for seismic application. Engineering Structures 2020, 223, 111171 .

AMA Style

Haoyu Huang, Khalid M. Mosalam, Wen-Shao Chang. Adaptive tuned mass damper with shape memory alloy for seismic application. Engineering Structures. 2020; 223 ():111171.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Haoyu Huang; Khalid M. Mosalam; Wen-Shao Chang. 2020. "Adaptive tuned mass damper with shape memory alloy for seismic application." Engineering Structures 223, no. : 111171.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2020 in Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
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ACS Style

Cong Zhang; Richard Harris; Wen-Shao Chang. Erratum for “Strain Distribution of Dowel-Type Connections Reinforced with Self-Tapping Screws” by Cong Zhang, Richard Harris, and Wen-Shao Chang. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 2020, 32, 08220001 .

AMA Style

Cong Zhang, Richard Harris, Wen-Shao Chang. Erratum for “Strain Distribution of Dowel-Type Connections Reinforced with Self-Tapping Screws” by Cong Zhang, Richard Harris, and Wen-Shao Chang. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 2020; 32 (5):08220001.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cong Zhang; Richard Harris; Wen-Shao Chang. 2020. "Erratum for “Strain Distribution of Dowel-Type Connections Reinforced with Self-Tapping Screws” by Cong Zhang, Richard Harris, and Wen-Shao Chang." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 32, no. 5: 08220001.

Journal article
Published: 13 March 2020 in Structures
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To reduce the wind-induced vibration of building structures, tuned mass damper (TMD) is a widely used approach. However, the off-tune of TMD can cause larger excessive vibration to the structure. In this study, shape memory alloy (SMA) is employed in TMD for retuning. At first, the dynamic properties of SMA-based TMD were characterised by free vibration at between −40 °C and 65 °C. It is found the stiffness increased and damping reduced with rising temperature. Next, the SMA-based TMD was applied to a steel frame structure under wind excitations. The wind action was generated by autoregressive models method and input by a shaking table. The results present the wind-induced vibration can be attenuated effectively by installing a SMA-based TMD. By changing the main structural mass, the TMD was easy to be off-tuned and the structural response was increased. By means of cooling SMA to retune the TMD, the response of the system can be reduced effectively. However, the effect of heating SMA was relatively small. The increase of damping capacity by combing multiple SMA bars and the applications of SMAs with higher phase transformation temperatures are important to be further investigated in TMD, so as to improve the effectiveness of heating SMA.

ACS Style

Haoyu Huang; Wen-Shao Chang. Re-tuning an off-tuned tuned mass damper by adjusting temperature of shape memory alloy: Exposed to wind action. Structures 2020, 25, 180 -189.

AMA Style

Haoyu Huang, Wen-Shao Chang. Re-tuning an off-tuned tuned mass damper by adjusting temperature of shape memory alloy: Exposed to wind action. Structures. 2020; 25 ():180-189.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Haoyu Huang; Wen-Shao Chang. 2020. "Re-tuning an off-tuned tuned mass damper by adjusting temperature of shape memory alloy: Exposed to wind action." Structures 25, no. : 180-189.

Research article
Published: 14 January 2020 in Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
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The behaviour under cyclic bending and in particular the fatigue properties of shape memory alloy (SMA) bars are important for civil engineering applications. In this paper, structural and functional fatigue is studied for both NiTi- and copper-based shape memory alloys. The results are presented from cyclic bending tests on 7 mm diameter NiTi and 12 mm diameter CuAlMn SMA bars targeted at 100,000 cycles. During the tests, dynamic loading at 1 Hz, 5 Hz, and 8 Hz was applied for different strain levels (0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 6%). The stress-strain curve, damping ratio, and secant stiffness were analysed for material characterisation, and the evolution of these parameters was studied to assess functional fatigue. The fatigue life is extended dramatically when the strain is below 1%, and the structural fatigue life of CuAlMn is shown to be better than that of NiTi and to depend on the loading rate. However, decay in stiffness can be found in the CuAlMn SMA, which is considered to be caused particularly by its long grain boundary.

ACS Style

Haoyu Huang; Yuan-Zhi Zhu; Wen-Shao Chang. Comparison of Bending Fatigue of NiTi and CuAlMn Shape Memory Alloy Bars. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020, 2020, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Haoyu Huang, Yuan-Zhi Zhu, Wen-Shao Chang. Comparison of Bending Fatigue of NiTi and CuAlMn Shape Memory Alloy Bars. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. 2020; 2020 ():1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Haoyu Huang; Yuan-Zhi Zhu; Wen-Shao Chang. 2020. "Comparison of Bending Fatigue of NiTi and CuAlMn Shape Memory Alloy Bars." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020, no. : 1-9.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2020 in Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
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Current limited guidance on the selection of screws together with undefined design specifications restricts the effectiveness of self-tapping screws as reinforcement on timber members to control crack propagation. Using digital image correlation (DIC), this study visualized the surface strain distribution of screw-reinforced dowel-type connections to understand the influence of thread configuration and screw-to-dowel distance on controlling crack propagation. The experiment was based on single-dowel embedment tests using 16- and 20-mm-diameter steel dowels. Three thread lengths (0%, 33%, and 100% thread) and six screw-to-dowel distances (0.5d, 0.75d, 1d, 1.5d, 2d, and 4d) were investigated. Results show that a screw with 33% thread on the point end can be as effective as screws with 100% thread to control crack propagation under the same geometrical parameters of the connections. Results also reveal that a screw placed further from the dowel (e.g., at 2d distance) can delay the crack-controlling effect. Self-tapping screws placed at 2d can still improve the embedment strength and ductility; however, further doubling this distance (4d) did not enhance the embedment strength, but a higher ductility was still achieved.

ACS Style

Cong Zhang; Richard Harris; Wen-Shao Chang. Strain Distribution of Dowel-Type Connections Reinforced with Self-Tapping Screws. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 2020, 32, 04019319 .

AMA Style

Cong Zhang, Richard Harris, Wen-Shao Chang. Strain Distribution of Dowel-Type Connections Reinforced with Self-Tapping Screws. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 2020; 32 (1):04019319.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cong Zhang; Richard Harris; Wen-Shao Chang. 2020. "Strain Distribution of Dowel-Type Connections Reinforced with Self-Tapping Screws." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 32, no. 1: 04019319.

Journal article
Published: 13 December 2019 in Engineering Structures
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Vibration of a cross-laminated timber (CLT) floor is strongly related to its boundary conditions. In this study, the effect of beam spacing, beam size and supporting conditions on the dynamic behaviours of CLT floors were investigated. To this end, the open-source software framework Open Software for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (OPENSEES) was used to simulate the dynamic performance of CLT floors and the simulated results were validated against the results of onsite experiments. OPENSEES is under continual development, and is mainly used to develop applications for simulating the behaviour of structures and geotechnical systems under seismic excitations. In this study, a novel model was developed to enable OPENSEES to carry out foot-fall analyses. Moreover, an analytical model was established to enable engineers to quickly estimate the relevant dynamic properties of CLT floors with different boundary conditions. The simulated results agreed well with the experimental data. According to those simulated results, increasing the spacing between the beams would reduce the natural frequency and increase the vibration acceleration significantly. Moreover, the results indicate that increasing the beam stiffness up to a certain level would increase the natural frequency of the CLT floors, and consequently enhance their serviceability performance. The one-way and two-way CLT floors show little difference in vibration performance when the beams can provide sufficient support.

ACS Style

Haoyu Huang; Yan Gao; Wen-Shao Chang. Human-induced vibration of cross-laminated timber (CLT) floor under different boundary conditions. Engineering Structures 2019, 204, 110016 .

AMA Style

Haoyu Huang, Yan Gao, Wen-Shao Chang. Human-induced vibration of cross-laminated timber (CLT) floor under different boundary conditions. Engineering Structures. 2019; 204 ():110016.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Haoyu Huang; Yan Gao; Wen-Shao Chang. 2019. "Human-induced vibration of cross-laminated timber (CLT) floor under different boundary conditions." Engineering Structures 204, no. : 110016.

Conference paper
Published: 01 November 2019 in Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering History and Heritage
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Dou-Gong system in Asian timber structures play an important role in resisting seismic action. Traditional carpentry in Asia uses timber pegs to connect components which enables relative movement between components, and hence provide friction to dissipate energy in an earthquake. This method however has some short falls such as inadequate stiffness to resist large lateral force and therefore the structures tend to exhibit permanent deformation after the earthquakes. This study proposes a new technique by using super-elastic alloy bars to replace the conventional wooden peg connections to enhance the seismic performance of the structures. Static push-over experiments were conducted on full scaled two-tiered Dou-Gong systems and the high-strength steel and conventional wood pegs as benchmarks. The ultimate stiffness of Dou-Gong system has shown increase by using both high-strength steel and super-elastic alloy bars, but only super-elastic alloy can provide a consistent high damping ratio. This technique also involves pre-strain the super-elastic alloy and the outcomes of this series of experiments have shown that pre-strain in the super-elastic alloy can significantly increase the damping ratio in the structure and hence more energy is dissipated. The results of this paper can be used in the projects of timber structures with Dou-Gong system.

ACS Style

Wenjun Xie; Tsung-Hsien Wang; Wen-Shao Chang. Static behaviour of a two-tiered Dou-Gong system reinforced by super-elastic alloy. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering History and Heritage 2019, 172, 164 -173.

AMA Style

Wenjun Xie, Tsung-Hsien Wang, Wen-Shao Chang. Static behaviour of a two-tiered Dou-Gong system reinforced by super-elastic alloy. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering History and Heritage. 2019; 172 (4):164-173.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenjun Xie; Tsung-Hsien Wang; Wen-Shao Chang. 2019. "Static behaviour of a two-tiered Dou-Gong system reinforced by super-elastic alloy." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering History and Heritage 172, no. 4: 164-173.

Journal article
Published: 03 May 2019 in Construction and Building Materials
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This study uses partially threaded self-tapping screws to enhance the mechanical properties of damaged and undamaged dowel-type timber connections. The damaged connections have a 1.5 mm wide artificial crack across the middle row of the fasteners. Test results showed that screw reinforcement can restore the rotation capacity of damaged connections. The rotational capacity of reinforced connections without cracks is 45.6% higher than unreinforced connections while the improvement on moment-resisting capacity is slight. Digital image correlation (DIC) was used to detect the movement of the connections and validated that the fasteners rotate around the centre of rotation in reinforced connections. Screw reinforcement also demonstrated the ability to control crack propagation, with the reinforced groups showed a reduction of crack length by at least 37% when compared to the unreinforced groups. A calculation method is proposed to calculate the characteristic moment-resisting capacity of damaged and undamaged screw reinforced connections. The calculated values are proven to be conservative when compared with the characteristic value based on the experimental results.

ACS Style

Cong Zhang; Haibo Guo; Kiho Jung; Richard Harris; Wen-Shao Chang. Screw reinforcement on dowel-type moment-resisting connections with cracks. Construction and Building Materials 2019, 215, 59 -72.

AMA Style

Cong Zhang, Haibo Guo, Kiho Jung, Richard Harris, Wen-Shao Chang. Screw reinforcement on dowel-type moment-resisting connections with cracks. Construction and Building Materials. 2019; 215 ():59-72.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cong Zhang; Haibo Guo; Kiho Jung; Richard Harris; Wen-Shao Chang. 2019. "Screw reinforcement on dowel-type moment-resisting connections with cracks." Construction and Building Materials 215, no. : 59-72.

Research articles
Published: 03 April 2019 in International Wood Products Journal
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The mechanical performance of dark red meranti (Shorea spp.) containing structural finger joints was investigated in four-point bending. The influence of variation in density on the bending strength (MOR) and stiffness (MOE) of dark red meranti (DRM) was studied. The effect on these properties of variation in end pressure when bonding was examined. The orientation of finger joints and the effect of cross-sectional area of bonded joints on the bending properties were also investigated. The results of this study indicate a positive relationship between the density and the MOR of DRM specimens. Sufficiently high end pressure is needed to produce strong finger joints. The orientation of finger joints and the changes in cross-sectional area of bonded joints showed no influence on the MOR. The MOE of DRM was not affected by the finger jointing of the pieces. In conclusion, finger-jointed DRM exhibits potential for structural uses, particularly for glulam beams.

ACS Style

Chee Beng Ong; Martin Philip Ansell; Wen-Shao Chang; Pete Walker. Bending properties of finger-jointed Malaysian dark red meranti. International Wood Products Journal 2019, 10, 49 -54.

AMA Style

Chee Beng Ong, Martin Philip Ansell, Wen-Shao Chang, Pete Walker. Bending properties of finger-jointed Malaysian dark red meranti. International Wood Products Journal. 2019; 10 (2):49-54.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chee Beng Ong; Martin Philip Ansell; Wen-Shao Chang; Pete Walker. 2019. "Bending properties of finger-jointed Malaysian dark red meranti." International Wood Products Journal 10, no. 2: 49-54.

Journal article
Published: 31 October 2018 in Engineering Structures
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In this study, partially threaded self-tapping screws have been used as reinforcement on timber portal frames to enhance mechanical performance of dowel-type connections. Experimental tests on unreinforced and reinforced portal frames showed that reinforced frames achieved a 31% and 51% increase in moment-resisting capacity and ultimate rotation, respectively. The test on the reinforced frames was stopped when the stroke on the hydraulic jacks had been reached, while 20% of load drop was not observed. The test results demonstrated the performance of partially threaded self-tapping screws which reduces the drive-in torque when compared to fully threaded self-tapping screws. A theoretical prediction on the characteristic moment-resisting capacity of screw reinforced portal frames is proposed.

ACS Style

Cong Zhang; Haibo Guo; Kiho Jung; Richard Harris; Wen-Shao Chang. Using self-tapping screw to reinforce dowel-type connection in a timber portal frame. Engineering Structures 2018, 178, 656 -664.

AMA Style

Cong Zhang, Haibo Guo, Kiho Jung, Richard Harris, Wen-Shao Chang. Using self-tapping screw to reinforce dowel-type connection in a timber portal frame. Engineering Structures. 2018; 178 ():656-664.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cong Zhang; Haibo Guo; Kiho Jung; Richard Harris; Wen-Shao Chang. 2018. "Using self-tapping screw to reinforce dowel-type connection in a timber portal frame." Engineering Structures 178, no. : 656-664.

Journal article
Published: 07 July 2018 in Construction and Building Materials
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Straw bale buildings have the potential reduce the environmental impact of construction. Although the technique has been introduced into northern China more than a decade ago, the construction method and potential problems within straw bale walls have not been fully understood in existing research. Following an analysis of existing straw bale construction both in north China and worldwide, this paper proposes modifications to the straw bale construction details currently used in north China. The modifications involve in-fill raw material, toe-up design and lime render application. These modifications were incorporated into an experimental building constructed in north China, and after having been monitored for 12 months, the modified construction details were critically assessed. The data demonstrate that rice straw bale walls are resistant to agents of decay and offer reduced construction time and cost than standard wall construction in north China. The construction method has the potential to become a mature construction system in the Chinese market in the future offering significant benefits both in construction and operational cost and in environmental impact.

ACS Style

Xunzhi Yin; Mike Lawrence; Daniel Maskell; Wen-Shao Chang. Construction and monitoring of experimental straw bale building in northeast China. Construction and Building Materials 2018, 183, 46 -57.

AMA Style

Xunzhi Yin, Mike Lawrence, Daniel Maskell, Wen-Shao Chang. Construction and monitoring of experimental straw bale building in northeast China. Construction and Building Materials. 2018; 183 ():46-57.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xunzhi Yin; Mike Lawrence; Daniel Maskell; Wen-Shao Chang. 2018. "Construction and monitoring of experimental straw bale building in northeast China." Construction and Building Materials 183, no. : 46-57.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2018 in Engineering Structures
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Shape memory alloy (SMA) is becoming a popularly studied smart material in the field of structural control. The feasibility of utilising an SMA in a tuneable mass damper to reduce the excessive vibration of a timber floor system was revealed in a pilot study. However, the in-service excitations on a floor can be complex and involve more frequencies and randomness; therefore, this paper aims to assess the effectiveness of the SMA-based semi-active TMD in a real-scale timber floor, where the free vibration and human footfall-induced vibration are considered as inputs. This study is conducted using numerical simulations on OPENSEES. By reducing the floor vibration at a range of frequencies, both cooling and heating the SMA are effective in retuning the off-tuned TMD and reducing the structural response. Footfall excitation involves more than one excitation frequencies, and the higher dominant frequencies can resonate with the off-tuning frequencies, increasing the structural response. Simulation results demonstrate that retuning using SMAs can effectively lower the structural response at a wide range of frequencies, thus attenuating the footfall-induced vibration.

ACS Style

Haoyu Huang; Wen-Shao Chang. Application of pre-stressed SMA-based tuned mass damper to a timber floor system. Engineering Structures 2018, 167, 143 -150.

AMA Style

Haoyu Huang, Wen-Shao Chang. Application of pre-stressed SMA-based tuned mass damper to a timber floor system. Engineering Structures. 2018; 167 ():143-150.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Haoyu Huang; Wen-Shao Chang. 2018. "Application of pre-stressed SMA-based tuned mass damper to a timber floor system." Engineering Structures 167, no. : 143-150.

Review
Published: 14 June 2018 in Sustainability
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Wood is increasingly perceived as a renewable, sustainable building material. The carbon it contains, biogenic carbon, comes from biological processes; it is characterized by a rapid turnover in the global carbon cycle. Increasing the use of harvested wood products (HWP) from sustainable forest management could provide highly needed mitigation efforts and carbon removals. However, the combined climate change benefits of sequestering biogenic carbon, storing it in harvested wood products and substituting more emission-intensive materials are hard to quantify. Although different methodological choices and assumptions can lead to opposite conclusions, there is no consensus on the assessment of biogenic carbon in life cycle assessment (LCA). Since LCA is increasingly relied upon for decision and policy making, incorrect biogenic carbon assessment could lead to inefficient or counterproductive strategies, as well as missed opportunities. This article presents a critical review of biogenic carbon impact assessment methods, it compares two main approaches to include time considerations in LCA, and suggests one that seems better suited to assess the impacts of biogenic carbon in buildings.

ACS Style

Charles Breton; Pierre Blanchet; Ben Amor; Robert Beauregard; Wen-Shao Chang. Assessing the Climate Change Impacts of Biogenic Carbon in Buildings: A Critical Review of Two Main Dynamic Approaches. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2020 .

AMA Style

Charles Breton, Pierre Blanchet, Ben Amor, Robert Beauregard, Wen-Shao Chang. Assessing the Climate Change Impacts of Biogenic Carbon in Buildings: A Critical Review of Two Main Dynamic Approaches. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (6):2020.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Charles Breton; Pierre Blanchet; Ben Amor; Robert Beauregard; Wen-Shao Chang. 2018. "Assessing the Climate Change Impacts of Biogenic Carbon in Buildings: A Critical Review of Two Main Dynamic Approaches." Sustainability 10, no. 6: 2020.