Colorectal cancer is one of the common malignant tumors. Relevant epidemiology and a large number of experimental studies have proved that chronic inflammation is highly correlated with the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer. And inflammatory bowel disease has been proven to be an independent risk factor for colorectal cancer. Various inflammatory cells participate in the establishment of the chronic inflammatory intestinal microenvironment required for the onset of colorectal cancer. The abnormal signal pathways mediated by various inflammatory factors and inflammatory mediators promote the occurrence of tumors, which are related to colorectal cancer and pathogenesis‐related inflammation mechanisms. At the gene level, miRNAs can also affect the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer by regulating mesenchymal epithelial transformation. This article reviews the relationship between inflammation and colorectal cancer as well as the related inflammatory mechanisms.

: Endometrial cancer is one of the three most common malignant tumors in the female reproductive system. Advanced and recurrent endometrial cancers have poor prognoses and lack effective treatments. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have been applied to many different types of tumors, and they can selectively kill tumor cells that are defective in homologous recombination repair. Endometrial cancer is characterized by mutations in homologous recombination repair genes; accordingly, PARP inhibitors have achieved positive results in off-label treatments of endometrial cancer cases. Clinical trials of PARP inhibitors as monotherapies and within combination therapies for endometrial cancer are ongoing. For this review, we searched PubMed with “endometrial cancer” and “PARP inhibitor” as keywords, and we used “olaparib”, “rucaparib”, “niraparib” and “talazoparib” as search terms in clinicaltrials.gov for ongoing trials. The literature search ended in October 2020, and only English-language publications were selected. Multiple studies confirm that PARP inhibitors play an important role in killing tumor cells with defects in homologous recombination repair. Its combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors, cell cycle checkpoint inhibitors, and other drugs can improve the treatment of endometrial cancer.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of PD-1 inhibitor combined with nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine (AG) chemotherapy versus AG chemotherapy in the first-line treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer. Patients and Methods: This study included the application of AG treatment and PD-1 combined with AG treatment with advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma at the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from September 2018 to July 2020. Clinical information and next-generation sequencing (NGS) reports of patients were collected to compare the effectiveness and adverse events of the two treatments and analyze the risk factors affecting the prognosis of patients. Results: There was no difference in PFS between the AG group and the PD-1+AG group (4.9 months vs 5.0 months, P = 0.154), but the difference in OS was statistically significant (9.3 months vs 12.1 months, P < 0.001). Compared with the AG group, the PD-1+AG group reduced the risk of death about 20.0% (HR = 0.203, 95% CI, 0.090− 0.459, P < 0.001). In terms of safety, the incidence of hypothyroidism and reactive skin capillary hyperplasia in PD-1 + AG group was higher than that in AG group (P < 0.050) in grade 1– 2; grade 3– 4 adverse reactions were mainly hematologic AEs and abnormal liver function. The incidence of grade 3– 4 adverse reactions in the two groups was 38.7% (95% CI, 20.5– 56.9%) and 35.3% (95% CI, 10.0– 60.6%), respectively. In addition, PD-1+ AG regimen improved the OS of patients with KRAS and TP53 co-mutations (8.0months vs 10.2 months, P = 0.004). Conclusion: PD-1 inhibitors combined with AG chemotherapy have shown good efficacy and safety in the first-line treatment of patients with advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. This regimen similarly improved OS in patients with KRAS and TP53 co-mutations.

Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of TAS-102 monotherapy and combination therapy with bevacizumab in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Methods. The PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for the literature on TAS-102 treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Extracted data include median overall survival (mOS), median progression-free survival (mPFS), and the incidence of adverse events for meta-analysis. Results. Our study found that the mOS of patients treated with TAS-102 monotherapy was 6.95 (95% CI: 6.26-7.72) months and the mPFS was 2.53 (95% CI: 2.31-2.78) months. The mOS in patients treated by TAS-102 combined with bevacizumab was 10.41 (95% CI: 8.40-12.89) months, and the mPFS is 4.35 (95% CI: 3.05-6.20) months. In the control experiment, the patients’ mOS and mPFS were improved. TAS-102+B vs. TAS-102 ( $\text{OR}=0.41$ , 95% CI: 0.18-0.93; $\text{OR}=0.72$ , 95% CI: 0.63-0.83) and TAS-102 vs. placebo ( $\text{OR}=0.44$ , 95% CI: 0.29-0.67; $\text{OR}=0.51$ , 95% CI: 0.42-0.62) were studied to actively prevent the occurrence of neutropenia, leukopenia, febrile neutropenia, anemia, and vomiting. Conclusion. TAS-102 monotherapy and combination therapy with bevacizumab can significantly improve the survival of patients and prevent specific adverse events from happening.

Reliable markers to predict or diagnose anastomotic leakage (AL) of stapled circular anastomoses following colorectal resections are an important clinical need. Here, we aim to quantitatively investigate the morphology of anastomotic rings as an early available prognostic marker for AL and compare them to established inflammatory markers. We perform a prospective single-center cohort study, including patients undergoing stapled circular anastomosis between August 2020 and August 2021. The predictive value of the anastomotic ring configuration and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) regarding anastomotic leakage is examined by ROC analyses and compared to the C-reactive protein (CRP) as an established marker. We included 204 patients, of which 19 suffered from anastomotic leakage (LEAK group), while in 185 patients the anastomoses healed well (HEAL group). The minimal height of the anastomotic rings as a binary classifier had a good ROC-AUC of 0.81 but was inferior to the NLR at postoperative day (POD) 5, with an excellent ROC-AUC of 0.93. Still, it was superior to the NLR at POD 3 (0.74) and the CRP at POD 3 (ROC-AUC 0.54) and 5 (ROC-AUC 0.70). The minimal height of the anastomotic rings as indicator for technically insufficient anastomoses is a good predictor of AL, while postoperatively the NLR was superior to the CRP in prediction of AL.