The use of GNSS technologies has been spreading over time up to a point in which a huge diversity of applications require their use. Due to this demand, GNSS has turned into a more reliable technology, as multiple aspects of it have evolved. Integrity has become a vital aspect of being considered when using GNSS. The following document gathers and shows different aspects of integrity in terms of GNSS. The paper mainly focuses on the description of different receiver autonomous integrity monitoring methods. For this purpose, basic concepts and possible GNSS error sources (and their corresponding solutions) are introduced. Afterward, an explanation and a classification of the integrity monitoring techniques is given, where the fault detection and exclusion methods and different protection level computation formulas are analyzed.

This paper presents a model that anticipates the emissions from eddy current brakes (ECBs) installed in high-speed trains. The emissions are computed in the 10 KHz-1.3 MHz range, where trackside signaling devices operate and issues related to electromagnetic compatibility have arisen, hindering ECB's promise of full deployment. The electromagnetic model provides a transfer function in the frequency domain between the nondesired harmonic currents produced by the train power supply and the subsequent radiated emissions by the ECBs at the trackside. The model includes the influence of the on-board ECB system's electric circuitry on the three-dimensional field computation of the electromagnets by a cosimulation approach (circuit and electromagnetic cross talk). After the data are post-processed, the simulated results are compared with the results of an extensive measurement campaign on board a high-speed ICE 3 train equipped with ECBs. The high correlation makes it possible to anticipate ECB emissions in order to save costly on-track test runs, to suggest ECB design strategies and to provide safe limits when the worst cases occur.

Most critical applications today depend on computers, so a computer failure can cause financial disaster, serious injury, or even death. In this context, railways are considered a critical application, so they must meet the highest standards of availability and safety. Availability ensures continuous operation of the system, while a safe system must behave correctly in all operating and environmental conditions.

A fully integrated power amplifier (PA) for 5 GHz 802.11a standard is implemented using a 0.18 mum CMOS process. In this paper we present the new concept of "power inductors". These on-chip inductors are implemented on the transistor drains and the output network and they can withstand the high level current signals that go through them while presenting low DC-resistance and high Q characteristics. The two stage differential power amplifier is fully integrated including the input and output networks. Measurement results show that the power amplifier achieves a power gain of 25.5 dB, 1 dB compression point (P _1dB ) of 20.8 dBm and power added efficiency of 26.7 %. The saturated output power is 26.5 dBm, achieving the highest reported output power among CMOS PAs for 5-GHz WLAN applications

Traditionally, freight wagon technology has lacked digitalization and advanced monitoring capabilities. This article presents recent advancements in freight wagon digitalization, covering the system’s definition, development, and field tests on a commercial line in Sweden. A number of components and systems were installed on board on the freight wagon, leading to the intelligent freight wagon. The digitalization includes the integration of sensors for different functions such as train composition, train integrity, asset monitoring and continuous wagon positioning. Communication capabilities enable data exchange between components, securely stored and transferred to a remote server for access and visualization. Three digitalized freight wagons operated on the Nässjo–Falköping line, equipped with strategically placed monitoring sensors to collect valuable data on wagon performance and railway infrastructure. The field tests showcase the system’s potential for detecting faults and anomalies, signifying a significant advancement in freight wagon technology, and contributing to an improvement in freight wagon digitalization and monitoring. The gathered insights demonstrate the system’s effectiveness, setting the stage for a comprehensive monitoring solution for railway infrastructures. These advancements promise real-time analysis, anomaly detection, and proactive maintenance, fostering improved efficiency and safety in the domain of freight transportation, while contributing to the enhancement of freight wagon digitalization and supervision.