Cliff coasts are dynamic environments that can retreat very quickly. However, the short-term changes and factors contributing to cliff coast erosion have not received as much attention as dune coasts. In this study, three soft-cliff systems in the southern Baltic Sea were monitored with the use of terrestrial laser scanner technology over a period of almost two years to generate a time series of thirteen topographic surveys. Digital elevation models constructed for those surveys allowed the extraction of several geomorphological indicators describing coastal dynamics. Combined with observational and modeled datasets on hydrological and meteorological conditions, descriptive and statistical analyses were performed to evaluate cliff coast erosion. A new statistical model of short-term cliff erosion was developed by using a non-parametric Bayesian network approach. The results revealed the complexity and diversity of the physical processes influencing both beach and cliff erosion. Wind, waves, sea levels, and precipitation were shown to have different impacts on each part of the coastal profile. At each level, different indicators were useful for describing the conditional dependency between storm conditions and erosion. These results are an important step toward a predictive model of cliff erosion.

In this study, climate change was described by area-averaged annual precipitation totals and area-averaged mean annual temperature values in each catchment area, while water resources were described by mean monthly specific discharges in these catchments. Thirty-seven catchments located entirely in lowland areas of Poland were selected for the analysis. The research was conducted based on data from hydrological years 1961-2021. In order to compare changes in annual precipitation totals and mean annual air temperature values with changes in annual mean specific discharge, linear trends of the mentioned variables were determined. The effect of precipitation totals and air temperature on specific discharge in individual catchments was determined using multiple regression. Statistically significant increase in the value of mean annual air temperature was recorded for all studied catchment areas. In none of the examined catchments were the changes in annual precipitation totals statistically significant. Analysis of the time trends of specific discharge showed statistically significant decreases in their annual mean values in almost half of examined catchments. The correlations between specific discharge, air temperature and precipitation totals are not very strong, which is mainly due to the strong impact of other, anthropogenic factors on water management.The greatest negative changes are observed in the central part of Poland. Specific discharge is more strongly dependent on precipitation totals than on temperature, with the effect of air temperature only being reflected in the volume of water resources after a certain period of time.

The main research aim was to determine changes in synoptic conditions during rainfall incidents that led to catastrophic flood events in southeastern Poland in 1997, 2010 and 2024. The basis of the synoptic analysis was calculated from ERA5 (ECMWF – European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) reanalysis containing information on such variables as atmospheric pressure, geopotential, moisture content or direction and speed of air flow in the lower troposphere. The study also includes information on hydrological conditions on the rivers covered by the gauge stations (IMGW-PIB), specifying the height of the exceedance of the alarm condition and the number of days. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the spatial distribution and accumulation of precipitation caused by the migration of the low-pressure system from over the Gulf of Genoa was significantly influenced by the blocking high. The presence of a jet stream and atmospheric fronts associated with forming shallow lows within the main low baric center was also a supporting factor. In addition, the elevated sum of accumulated precipitation associated with the 2024 rainfall incident again signals a problem related to the rapid warming of the Mediterranean Sea, affecting the overall sum and distribution of precipitation in Europe.