Peripheral nerve regeneration remains a significant clinical challenge due to the unsatisfactory functional recovery and public health burden. Exosomes, especially those derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), are promising as potential cell-free therapeutics and gene therapy vehicles for promoting neural regeneration. In this study, we reported the differentiation of human adipose derived MSCs (hADMSCs) towards the Schwann cell (SC) phenotype (hADMSC-SCs) and then isolated exosomes from hADMSCs with and without differentiation (i.e., dExo vs uExo). We assessed and compared the effects of uExo and dExo on antioxidative, angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and axon growth promoting properties by using various peripheral nerve-related cells. Our results demonstrated that hADMSC-SCs secreted more neurotrophic factors and other growth factors, compared to hADMSCs without differentiation. The dExo isolated from hADMSC-SCs protected rat SCs from oxidative stress and enhanced HUVEC migration and angiogenesis. Compared to uExo, dExo also had improved performances in downregulating pro-inflammatory gene expressions and cytokine secretions and promoting axonal growth of sensory neurons differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Furthermore, microRNA (miRNA) sequencing analysis revealed that exosomes and their parent cells shared some similarities in their miRNA profiles and exosomes displayed a distinct miRNA signature. Many more miRNAs were identified in dExo than in uExo. Several upregulated miRNAs, like miRNA-132-3p and miRNA-199b-5p, were highly related to neuroprotection, anti-inflammation, and angiogenesis. The dExo can effectively modulate various peripheral nerve-related cellular functions and is promising for cell-free biological therapeutics to enhance neural regeneration.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the major cardiovascular diseases and represents the leading causes of global mortality. Developing new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for CAD treatment are critically needed, especially for an early accurate CAD detection and further timely intervention. In this study, we successfully isolated human plasma small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) from four stages of CAD patients, that is, healthy control, stable plaque, non‐ST‐elevation myocardial infarction, and ST‐elevation myocardial infarction. Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurement in conjunction with five machine learning approaches, including Quadratic Discriminant Analysis, Support Vector Machine (SVM), K‐Nearest Neighbor, Artificial Neural network, were then applied for the classification and prediction of the sEV samples. Among these five approaches, the overall accuracy of SVM shows the best predication results on both early CAD detection (86.4%) and overall prediction (92.3%). SVM also possesses the highest sensitivity (97.69%) and specificity (95.7%). Thus, our study demonstrates a promising strategy for noninvasive, safe, and high accurate diagnosis for CAD early detection.

Postoperative abdominal adhesions are a common and painful complication after surgery, leading to high healthcare costs and diminished quality of life. This report presents a novel bilayer hydrogel barrier featuring an inner adhesive layer and an outer antiadhesive layer. The inner adhesive layer hydrogel (PT) is prepared by mixing polyethyleneimine (PEI) and thioctic acid (TA). The outer layer (HP) hydrogel is fabricated by the conjugation reaction of thermoresponsive zwitterionic hyaluronic acid, phenylboronic acid, and epigallocatechin gallate complex and polyvinyl alcohol based on dynamic boronic ester bond. The PEI/TA layer enhances attachment to moist tissue surfaces in vivo, and the anti‐adhesive layer HP hydrogel promotes biocompatibility and anti‐inflammation while minimizing protein adsorption and improving mechanical stability. The bilayer hydrogel (HPPT) exhibited rapid gelation, robust adhesion in dynamic and moist environments, superior viscoelastic properties and cellular biocompatibility. A mouse‐cecum abdominal wall adhesion model is utilized to evaluate efficacy, and the HPPT hydrogel shows local retention, anti‐inflammatory effect, and inhibits fibrin deposition while minimizing adhesion formation. These findings highlight the innovative structural and functional properties of the HPPT hydrogel, positioning it as a promising therapeutic barrier in peritoneal surgery aimed at reducing postoperative adhesions and enhancing surgical outcomes.