OBJETIVO: Em resposta à necessidade sentida por municípios brasileiros de informação referente às práticas de amamentação com vistas ao planejamento em saúde, realizou-se estudo com o objetivo de descrever a situação da amamentação e identificar fatores associados ao desmame nesses municípios. MÉTODOS: De uma convocação aberta a todos os municípios do Estado de São Paulo, 84 aderiram a um treinamento para coleta de dados no Dia Nacional de Vacinação, em 1998. Para cada município, foi desenhada uma amostra compatível com o tamanho de sua população infantil, aplicando-se um questionário padronizado com questões referentes à alimentação da criança nas 24 horas precedentes. Além de estatísticas descritivas sobre a freqüência de amamentação, foram analisados pela regressão logística fatores de risco para interrupção da amamentação exclusiva em menores de quatro meses e para o desmame em menores de um ano. RESULTADOS: O aleitamento exclusivo nos primeiros quatro meses raramente alcançou índices superiores a 30%. Como fatores de risco para essa situação, identificaram-se: baixa escolaridade materna, ausência de programa Hospital Amigo da Criança, primiparidade e maternidade precoce. Com relação aos menores de um ano, a amamentação ficou em torno de 50%. CONCLUSÃO: A ausência do programa Hospital Amigo da Criança, primiparidade, trabalho informal ou desemprego materno foram os fatores de risco para o desmame. As taxas municipais de amamentação diferem amplamente no Estado de São Paulo, o que reforça a importância de diagnósticos locais, rápidos e de fácil apropriação por profissionais de saúde.

Background The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) has been implemented by WHO and Unicef with a view to protect, promote and support breast feeding. This paper aims to assess the influence of the BFHI on breastfeeding indicators in Brazil, using data from the 2nd Survey of Breastfeeding Prevalence, conducted in 2008. Methods Data on 64 municipalities were analysed: a total of 65 936 infants under the age of 1 year who were covered by the 2008 immunisation campaign. The outcomes of interest were breast feeding in the first hour of life in infants under 1 year of age; exclusive breast feeding on the first day after hospital discharge in infants under 4 months of age; exclusive breast feeding in infants under 2, 3 and 6 months of age; and pacifier use in infants under 6 months of age. The influence of birth in baby-friendly hospitals (BFHs) on these end points was analysed by means of Poisson regression with robust variance for complex samples. Findings Infants born in BFHs were 9% more likely to be breast fed in the first hour of life and 6% more likely to be breast fed on the first day at home. Exclusive breast feeding was 13%, 8% and 6% more likely in infants under the ages of 2, 3 and 6 months, respectively, born in BFHs. Birth in a BFH also correlated with significant less pacifier use. Conclusions The BFHI has had an impact on several indicators of breast feeding. The authors hope the results of this study will make policy makers and health professionals aware of the importance and potential of this strategy.

Objective: To identify individual and contextual factors associated with the practice of exclusive breast-feeding (EBF).Methodology: We analysed 34 435 children under 6 months of age living in 111 municipalities in the state of São Paulo, south-eastern Brazil, who participated in a survey investigating feeding practices during the first year of life, carried out during the 1999 national vaccination campaign. The questionnaire employed included questions on the consumption, in the last 24 h, of breast milk, water, tea, other types of milk and other foods, in addition to mother and child characteristics. Information on the pro-breast-feeding measures implemented in the municipalities was also collected. The effects of individual and contextual characteristics on EBF were analysed using multilevel models.Results: The final model showed a greater chance of EBF in women with tertiary education (odds ratio (OR) = 1.91; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.75–2.06); women aged between 25 and 29 years (OR = 1.52; 95% CI 1.41–1.63); multiparae (OR = 1.42; 95% CI 1.33–1.49); female babies (OR = 1.12; 95% CI 1.05–1.18); birth weight ≥3000 g (OR = 1.73; 95% CI 1.49–1.97); child follow-up in the private health-care network (OR = 1.10; 95% CI 1.02–1.18); and municipalities with four or five pro-breast-feeding measures (OR = 2.4; 95% CI 2.19–2.88). An analysis of the interactions between individual and contextual variables showed that the presence of at least four pro-breast-feeding measures in the municipality attenuated the risk of early termination of EBF associated with low maternal schooling and low birth weight, and transformed child follow-up in the public network into a protective factor against the early termination of breast-feeding.Conclusions: The presence of measures aimed at protecting, promoting and supporting breast-feeding in the municipality had a positive influence on EBF and attenuated the impact of risk factors for the termination of breast-feeding.

To evaluate the association between the consumption of unhealthy foods in children under one year and the education level of the mothers, data obtained from participants of the II Survey on the prevalence of breastfeeding in the Brazilian capitals and the Federal District in 2008 was analyzed. During the second stage of the campaign for multi-vaccination, a questionnaire on food consumption in the last 24 hours was given to mothers or guardians of children under one year old. We analyzed the consumption of unhealthy foods according to age group, maternal education, region of residence and breastfeeding status. The state capitals and the Federal District were grouped according to the five macro-regions of the country (North, Northeast, Southeast, South and West). Processed juice, soda, coffee, cookies/salted snacks and sugar and/or honey were defined as unhealthy foods. Prevalence ratios (RP) for the association between the consumption of unhealthy foods and maternal education were estimated using Poisson regression models. The study included 34,366 children. The consumption of sweet foods started early and was predominant until the age of six months; after this age, the consumption of biscuits and/or snacks became more prevalent. The consumption of these foods also differs in relation to the macro-region of residence. Consumption of unhealthy foods was higher among mothers with lower education levels. The consumption of unhealthy foods by Brazilian children under one year old was high, indicating a need for developing effective strategies to combat the consumption of unhealthy foods in Brazilian children as a way of preventing obesity and other future disorders.

Explicações para a elevação das taxas de cesárea em nosso país giraram em torno da forma como se organizou a assistência obstétrica, a formação dos profissionais de saúde e a demanda de cesarianas pelas parturientes. Neste trabalho nos propusemos a identificar as expectativas de gestantes em relação ao tipo de parto. Foram realizados três grupos focais em um hospital público na cidade de São Paulo. As categorias de análise foram: parto normal, fórceps, cesárea, pré-natal e assistência ao parto. Nesses grupos, pudemos identificar demanda por cesárea em multigestas associada ao desejo de laqueadura tubária e, mais que medo da dor do parto, as mulheres temiam as reações dos profissionais de saúde às suas queixas. Evidenciou-se deficiência de informações sobre questões da vida reprodutiva, todavia, a preferência era pelo parto vaginal, sendo a cesárea temida pelos riscos a ela associados. As autoras propõem a revisão da demanda das mulheres por cesárea como um dos fatores principais da escalada de partos cirúrgicos em nosso sistema de saúde.