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Xunmin Ou
Tsinghua University—Zhang Jiagang Joint Institute for Hydrogen Energy and Lithium-Ion Battery Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China

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Review
Published: 17 March 2021 in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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The iron and steel industry (ISI) is energy-intensive and is responsible for approximately 25% of the global direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from industrial sectors. As the largest steel producer and consumer, China bears the primary responsibility for saving energy and reducing GHG emissions; accordingly, they have developed many strategies for GHG abatement. However, owing to the high investment costs and long equipment service lives, the ISI must carefully weigh the cost and emission reduction potential of these approaches. This review discusses research findings aimed at technological improvements and ultra-low carbon technologies relevant to the ISI, emphasizing their cost-effectiveness and development prospects. Based on the life cycle analysis method, this review establishes a comprehensive analytical framework to integrate the results from different studies to consider more factors in the design of GHG emission reduction strategies. The results indicate that the full application of mainstream technological improvements can reduce CO2 emissions by approximately 43%. Furthermore, combining these strategies with ultra-low carbon technologies can achieve a reduction of 80%–95%. The marginal cost reduction associated with implementing such technological improvements is in the range of −5 to 0.5 USD/kgCO2. Applying carbon capture, utilization, and storage strategies or hydrogen-based technologies in China's ISI for deep decarbonization scenarios is expected to lead to cost reductions between 12 and 35 billion USD by 2050. We propose that China's ISI requires technological improvements in the short term and should prioritize ultra-low carbon technology development for the long term.

ACS Style

Lei Ren; Sheng Zhou; Tianduo Peng; Xunmin Ou. A review of CO2 emissions reduction technologies and low-carbon development in the iron and steel industry focusing on China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2021, 143, 110846 .

AMA Style

Lei Ren, Sheng Zhou, Tianduo Peng, Xunmin Ou. A review of CO2 emissions reduction technologies and low-carbon development in the iron and steel industry focusing on China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2021; 143 ():110846.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lei Ren; Sheng Zhou; Tianduo Peng; Xunmin Ou. 2021. "A review of CO2 emissions reduction technologies and low-carbon development in the iron and steel industry focusing on China." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 143, no. : 110846.

Chapter
Published: 17 February 2021 in China’s Resources, Energy and Sustainable Development: 2020
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As iron and steel production features high energy consumption and massive GHG emissions, the low carbon development of the industry is crucial for China’s INDC target. Multi-pronged measures should be taken to grapple with the problems with the industry to secure low-carbon green development. In terms of technical solutions for the low-carbon development of the industry, improvement is more likely on both the consumption and the production side. In terms of zero carbon technology of iron and steel production, hydrogen steelmaking and CCUS are among the few technical options for zero carbon development of the industry. It’s advised to enhance the overall management of China’s iron and steel industry both on the production and the consumption sides, promote R&D and application of new technologies for process improvement, make technological preparations for the recovery and recycling of steel scraps and short process steelmaking. In the long run, theoretical research, strategic analysis and construction planning is necessary for CCUS-hydrogen steelmaking as the goal, in a bid to facilitate the restructuring of China’s energy mix and achieve close to zero emissions in the industry. Before zero emission it will take long time for steel industry to transit. Step abatement of CO2 emission by technical innovation still is a main focus for most steel works.

ACS Style

Lei Ren; Tianduo Peng; Xunmin Ou. Development of Low Carbon Technology in China’s Iron and Steel Industry. China’s Resources, Energy and Sustainable Development: 2020 2021, 217 -279.

AMA Style

Lei Ren, Tianduo Peng, Xunmin Ou. Development of Low Carbon Technology in China’s Iron and Steel Industry. China’s Resources, Energy and Sustainable Development: 2020. 2021; ():217-279.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lei Ren; Tianduo Peng; Xunmin Ou. 2021. "Development of Low Carbon Technology in China’s Iron and Steel Industry." China’s Resources, Energy and Sustainable Development: 2020 , no. : 217-279.

Journal article
Published: 13 February 2021 in Advances in Climate Change Research
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China's high-speed railway (HSR) is booming recently, the HSR’s performance of energy conservation and carbon reduction has attracted much attention. This study developed a new life cycle model of energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on China’s HSR by life cycle analysis (LCA), covering the stages of infrastructure, HSR train, and operation, based on the TLCAM (Tsinghua-LCA Model). A case of the Beijing–Shanghai HSR has been studied to show that the full life cycle energy consumption and GHG emissions of HSR transportation are 0.4 MJ km−1 per capita and 0.04 kg CO2e km−1 per capita, respectively, which are far less than aviation, gasoline vehicles, diesel vehicles, electric vehicles and public vehicles. With the cleaner power structure and the progress of HSR train technology, the energy consumption and carbon emissions of HSR in 2020 could be reduced by 20% compared to 2015. This study indicates that electricity generation mix structure and full load rate are important factors influencing the life-cycle energy consumption and GHG emissions of HSR transportation. It is recommended to improve the coverage of HSR network, accelerate train upgrades, improve the full load rate of HSR trains, and promote the low-carbon development of electricity supply to strengthen and realize the low-carbon advantage of HSR transport mode in China. HSR transportation can be used to achieve the low carbon transformation of China's transportation sector and improve oil supply safety situation.

ACS Style

Yan-Zhe Wang; Sheng Zhou; Xun-Min Ou. Development and application of a life cycle energy consumption and CO2 emissions analysis model for high-speed railway transport in China. Advances in Climate Change Research 2021, 12, 270 -280.

AMA Style

Yan-Zhe Wang, Sheng Zhou, Xun-Min Ou. Development and application of a life cycle energy consumption and CO2 emissions analysis model for high-speed railway transport in China. Advances in Climate Change Research. 2021; 12 (2):270-280.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yan-Zhe Wang; Sheng Zhou; Xun-Min Ou. 2021. "Development and application of a life cycle energy consumption and CO2 emissions analysis model for high-speed railway transport in China." Advances in Climate Change Research 12, no. 2: 270-280.

Journal article
Published: 19 November 2020 in Energy Policy
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The withdrawal of the purchase subsidy and the spread of Covid-19 have had a significant effect on Chinese consumers' purchase intentions regarding electric vehicles (EVs). Therefore, it is worthwhile analyzing the factors influencing EV purchase decisions from the consumer's perspective. We use a consumer-oriented model to analyze the total cost of ownership over 5- and 10-year holding periods in China for internal combustion engine vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and battery electric vehicles (BEVs). We include consumer usage habits and non-monetary costs to reflect consumer characteristics. The results show that the small BEVs will achieve parity before 2025, while medium-sized and large BEVs will do so around 2030. Regarding PHEVs, large and medium-sized models show better performance. Even though BEV and PHEV purchase costs will fall by 31%–36% and 16%–18%, respectively, between 2020 and 2030, most EV models will still not reach purchase cost parity by 2030. Incentive policies will have a significant impact, and oil prices are likely to have a huge impact on the time until EVs reach parity. Thus, policy-makers should introduce incentive policies aimed at ensuring a smooth transition to the electrification of China's vehicle fleet.

ACS Style

Danhua Ouyang; Shen Zhou; Xunmin Ou. The total cost of electric vehicle ownership: A consumer-oriented study of China's post-subsidy era. Energy Policy 2020, 149, 112023 .

AMA Style

Danhua Ouyang, Shen Zhou, Xunmin Ou. The total cost of electric vehicle ownership: A consumer-oriented study of China's post-subsidy era. Energy Policy. 2020; 149 ():112023.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Danhua Ouyang; Shen Zhou; Xunmin Ou. 2020. "The total cost of electric vehicle ownership: A consumer-oriented study of China's post-subsidy era." Energy Policy 149, no. : 112023.

Journal article
Published: 29 July 2020 in Energy
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A model is established to conduct life cycle analysis of primary-energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of hydrogen supply chains for fuel-cell vehicles in China. Battery electric vehicles and internal combustion engine vehicles are set as reference pathways. Results show that the life-cycle primary-energy consumption is lowest for hydropower-based and nuclear-power-based electricity on hydrogen pathways, approximately ranging from 0.48 to 0.94 MJ/MJ H2. By-product hydrogen production also conserves energy while natural gas-based, coal-based, and grid power-based hydrogen pathways have no advantages in terms of life-cycle energy consumption. Similar results for life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions are found. Private-passenger fuel-cell vehicles fueled by hydropower-based and nuclear power-based hydrogen have outstanding potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, while those fueled by natural-gas-based hydrogen (with life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions ranging 187–235 g CO2,eq/km) are comparable to conventional vehicles. Fuel-cell vehicles fueled by current grid power-based hydrogen have two to three times the life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of internal combustion engine vehicles. Hydrogen-fuel-cell vehicles transit buses, owing to their high energy demands, do not have obvious advantages in terms of their life-cycle primary-energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions compared with internal combustion engine vehicles/battery electric vehicles.

ACS Style

Lei Ren; Sheng Zhou; Xunmin Ou. Life-cycle energy consumption and greenhouse-gas emissions of hydrogen supply chains for fuel-cell vehicles in China. Energy 2020, 209, 118482 .

AMA Style

Lei Ren, Sheng Zhou, Xunmin Ou. Life-cycle energy consumption and greenhouse-gas emissions of hydrogen supply chains for fuel-cell vehicles in China. Energy. 2020; 209 ():118482.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lei Ren; Sheng Zhou; Xunmin Ou. 2020. "Life-cycle energy consumption and greenhouse-gas emissions of hydrogen supply chains for fuel-cell vehicles in China." Energy 209, no. : 118482.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2019 in Applied Energy
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ACS Style

Zhiyi Yuan; Xunmin Ou; Tianduo Peng; Xiaoyu Yan. Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of multi-pathways natural gas vehicles in china considering methane leakage. Applied Energy 2019, 253, 1 .

AMA Style

Zhiyi Yuan, Xunmin Ou, Tianduo Peng, Xiaoyu Yan. Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of multi-pathways natural gas vehicles in china considering methane leakage. Applied Energy. 2019; 253 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhiyi Yuan; Xunmin Ou; Tianduo Peng; Xiaoyu Yan. 2019. "Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of multi-pathways natural gas vehicles in china considering methane leakage." Applied Energy 253, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 24 October 2019 in Energy
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Measuring real-world fuel consumption of light duty vehicles can be challenging due to the limited collection of actual data. In this paper, we use big data retrieved from the record of real-world fuel consumptions of different brands of vehicles in different areas (n = 106,809 samples from 201 brands of vehicles and 34 cities) in China to build up a real-world fuel consumption rate (RFCR) model to estimate the fuel consumption given the driving conditions and figure out the main factors that affect actual fuel consumption in the real world. We find the average deviation of actual fuel consumptions and the fitting results of RFCR model is 4.22% , which does not significantly differ from zero, and the fuel consumptions calculated by RFCR model tend to be 1.40 L/100 km (about 25%) higher than the official reported data. Furthermore, we find that annual average temperature and altitude factors significantly influence the fuel consumption rate. The results indicate that there is a real world performance discrepancy between the theoretical fuel consumption released by authorities and that in the real world, and some green behaviors (choose light duty vehicles, reduce the use of air conditioning and change to manual transmission type) can reduce energy consumption of vehicles.

ACS Style

Tian Wu; Xiao Han; M. Mocarlo Zheng; Xunmin Ou; Hongbo Sun; Xiong Zhang. Impact factors of the real-world fuel consumption rate of light duty vehicles in China. Energy 2019, 190, 116388 .

AMA Style

Tian Wu, Xiao Han, M. Mocarlo Zheng, Xunmin Ou, Hongbo Sun, Xiong Zhang. Impact factors of the real-world fuel consumption rate of light duty vehicles in China. Energy. 2019; 190 ():116388.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tian Wu; Xiao Han; M. Mocarlo Zheng; Xunmin Ou; Hongbo Sun; Xiong Zhang. 2019. "Impact factors of the real-world fuel consumption rate of light duty vehicles in China." Energy 190, no. : 116388.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2019 in Energy Procedia
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Greenhouse gas emissions have been concerned worldwide, and natural gas (NG) is regarded as an option to substitute gasoline and diesel in vehicles. This paper conducts a life cycle (LC) analysis on liquefied natural gas (LNG) and compressed natural gas (CNG) in the heavy-duty trucks and takes the methane leakage of NG supply chains into account. The results indicate that NG production and transportation dominate as the major contributor to the total methane emissions of the NG supply chains, accounting for approximately 68.7%~86.7% of the total methane emissions estimated. LC analysis on LNG, CNG and diesel heavy-duty trucks shows that LNG and CNG heavy-duty trucks will reduce the LC GHG emissions by 11.17% and 5.18%, respectively, compared to that of diesel. GHG emissions of fuel use are the chief component and account for 71~78% of the total LC GHG emissions.

ACS Style

Yuan Zhiyi; Ou Xunmin. Life Cycle Analysis on Liquefied Natural Gas and Compressed Natural Gas in Heavy-duty Trucks with Methane Leakage Emphasized. Energy Procedia 2019, 158, 3652 -3657.

AMA Style

Yuan Zhiyi, Ou Xunmin. Life Cycle Analysis on Liquefied Natural Gas and Compressed Natural Gas in Heavy-duty Trucks with Methane Leakage Emphasized. Energy Procedia. 2019; 158 ():3652-3657.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yuan Zhiyi; Ou Xunmin. 2019. "Life Cycle Analysis on Liquefied Natural Gas and Compressed Natural Gas in Heavy-duty Trucks with Methane Leakage Emphasized." Energy Procedia 158, no. : 3652-3657.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2019 in Energy Procedia
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China is the largest producer of aluminium globally. The energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by primary aluminium and recycled aluminium production in China have aroused widespread concern. In this paper, the energy consumption and GHG emissions caused by primary aluminium and recycled aluminium production from a life-cycle perspective are estimated, and the comparative analysis between China and the U.S. are conducted. The results indicate that life-cycle fossil energy consumption and GHG emissions of primary aluminium are 144612 MJ/t and 14772.72 kg CO2-eq/t respectively, which are about twice as much as that of the U.S. This is attributed to the high energy and GHG emissions intensities of electricity production which is dominated by coal generated electricity. The life-cycle energy consumption and GHG emissions of recycled aluminium production is only 6.37% and 4.45% of the primary aluminium. Recycled aluminium industry and low-carbon electricity used for aluminium electrolysis are worthy to be supported since they are beneficial for the life-cycle performance of aluminium.

ACS Style

Tianduo Peng; Xunmin Ou; Xiaoyu Yan; Gehua Wang. Life-cycle analysis of energy consumption and GHG emissions of aluminium production in China. Energy Procedia 2019, 158, 3937 -3943.

AMA Style

Tianduo Peng, Xunmin Ou, Xiaoyu Yan, Gehua Wang. Life-cycle analysis of energy consumption and GHG emissions of aluminium production in China. Energy Procedia. 2019; 158 ():3937-3943.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tianduo Peng; Xunmin Ou; Xiaoyu Yan; Gehua Wang. 2019. "Life-cycle analysis of energy consumption and GHG emissions of aluminium production in China." Energy Procedia 158, no. : 3937-3943.

Review
Published: 01 October 2018 in Energy Procedia
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The vehicle stock in China continues growing along with rapid economic development and the improvement of people’s living standard. Due to the pressure of energy conserving and the higher requirements on air quality, China chooses new energy vehicles (NEV) as a national strategy to meet these challenges. Private car area, as an important field to popularize NEV, has attracted many researchers to conduct valuable surveys on it in order to accelerate the market development. This study summarizes market surveys which focused on consumer behavior on purchasing and using NEV. Through sorting out the results and conducting comparative analysis, we identify the behavioral characteristics of consumers of NEV and the key factors that affecting consumers’ decision-making, which are significant for enterprises and government to grasp the needs of NEV consumers. On the basis of reviewing existing surveys, this article proposes that future NEV surveys can be combined with quantitative analysis of consumer choice behavior. and future survey designing direction focusing on this purpose has been put forward.

ACS Style

Danhua Ouyang; Qian Zhang; Xumin Ou. Review of Market Surveys on Consumer Behavior of Purchasing and Using Electric Vehicle in China. Energy Procedia 2018, 152, 612 -617.

AMA Style

Danhua Ouyang, Qian Zhang, Xumin Ou. Review of Market Surveys on Consumer Behavior of Purchasing and Using Electric Vehicle in China. Energy Procedia. 2018; 152 ():612-617.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Danhua Ouyang; Qian Zhang; Xumin Ou. 2018. "Review of Market Surveys on Consumer Behavior of Purchasing and Using Electric Vehicle in China." Energy Procedia 152, no. : 612-617.

Article
Published: 07 September 2018 in Science China Technological Sciences
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This study focuses on the penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) within the private passenger vehicle market in selected Chinese cities categorized into different tiers. It presents an analysis of factors driving the market diffusion of EVs and the reasons for varying results across the investigated cities and provides estimates of related EV impacts on local energy consumption and CO2 emissions. A nested multinomial model incorporating technological attributes of vehicles, energy prices, charging conditions, and incentive policies was developed for conducting a scenario analyses covering six cities. The results indicated that in a stagnation scenario in which policy support was absent, the market share of electric vehicles would be less than 7% in all six cities under investigation by 2030. In medium growth and rapid growth scenarios, the market share of EVs across the six cities was projected to be within the ranges of 29%–68% and 49%–80%, respectively. The impacts of EVs on gasoline demand depended not just on their cumulative sales but also on the share of electrified vehicle distance, and the CO2 emission reduction effect was influenced by local EV stocks and the mix of local electricity sources. Battery costs, charging conditions, and energy prices were primary driving factors. Charging conditions and energy prices were key reasons for differences in the penetration curves among cities. These driving factors were further affected by differences in local income levels, housing and parking conditions, and availability of land resources. Subsidies were found to be effective in the short term, whereas in the medium term, tax breaks could serve as the main monetary incentive. In the long term, national policy should focus on technology-related R&D, whereas local policies should focus on the operational phase and be tailored to specific local situations.

ACS Style

Qian Zhang; Xunmin Ou; Xiliang Zhang. Future penetration and impacts of electric vehicles on transport energy consumption and CO2 emissions in different Chinese tiered cities. Science China Technological Sciences 2018, 61, 1483 -1491.

AMA Style

Qian Zhang, Xunmin Ou, Xiliang Zhang. Future penetration and impacts of electric vehicles on transport energy consumption and CO2 emissions in different Chinese tiered cities. Science China Technological Sciences. 2018; 61 (10):1483-1491.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qian Zhang; Xunmin Ou; Xiliang Zhang. 2018. "Future penetration and impacts of electric vehicles on transport energy consumption and CO2 emissions in different Chinese tiered cities." Science China Technological Sciences 61, no. 10: 1483-1491.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2018 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from the publisher via the DOI in this record.Globally, crop straw is a rich resource and further establishment of its use as an energy source is an important aspect in developing the circular economy. Projects in this vein can bring benefits such as improving energy access and living conditions as well as boosting the local economy and employment opportunities in rural communities. This paper presents a detailed case study on the production of bio-natural gas (BNG) from corn straw in China, using Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) to assess energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, conducting economic analysis, and analyzing operation management models. The "Nongbaomu" business model (whereby professional personnel assist farmers in the management of straw collection, bundling, storage and transportation) and the "Mutual Offsetting in Kind" business model (whereby farmers can buy a quota of the project's BNG products at a lower price in return for selling straw to the project) can ensure the acquisition of straw by the BNG project at stable prices and high quality. Because the main product (BNG) replaces refined oil products used by automobiles and the byproduct (organic fertilizer) replaces traditional fertilizer (produced using coal), the project offers the potential for significant decreases (up to 80%) in life cycle GHG emissions and fossil fuel use. Benefited from the relatively high natural gas prices in the project location and applicable government subsidies, our studied case was found to be economically viable. The findings in this study are also likely to be relevant to other countries where governments should develop industrial policies that support the development of rural distributed energy, and introduce and implement appropriate subsidies to allow BNG to compete in the traditional natural gas market. Although, enterprises are responsible for selecting an effective business models and the most appropriate technological pathway, governments should also identify the ways in which they can support businesses to make these choices.This project was co-sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (71774095, 71690244 and 71673165) and International Science & Technology Cooperation Program of China (2016YFE0102200)

ACS Style

Hansi Liu; Xunmin Ou; Jiehui Yuan; Xiaoyu Yan. Experience of producing natural gas from corn straw in China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2018, 135, 216 -224.

AMA Style

Hansi Liu, Xunmin Ou, Jiehui Yuan, Xiaoyu Yan. Experience of producing natural gas from corn straw in China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2018; 135 ():216-224.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hansi Liu; Xunmin Ou; Jiehui Yuan; Xiaoyu Yan. 2018. "Experience of producing natural gas from corn straw in China." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 135, no. : 216-224.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2018 in Applied Energy
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Mobile air conditioning (MAC) is potentially a huge source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in China from a life cycle (LC) perspective as the vehicle population increases in the future. The MAC-GHG-LCA model is developed to calculate LC GHG emissions from MAC systems, covering life-span refrigerant leakage (direct emissions) and emissions caused by energy use in MAC system production and operation (indirect emissions). Using R152a and R1234yf as alternative refrigerants instead of R134a in MAC systems can decrease LC GHG emissions by 22–32% and 17–29%, respectively. Their GHG reduction benefits mainly result from their lower global warming potential (GWP) values though the indirect emissions are only slight lower or even higher than R134a. Using R744 can offer reduction in 2050 though it will cause an increase of 20% in 2020. Total LC GHG emissions from MAC systems of the whole light duty vehicle (LDV) fleet in China will be 159 million tonnes of CO2-equivalent in 2050 in the scenario where R134a will be the only refrigerant adopted, about 3 times that in 2015. It is found that alternative low-GWP refrigerants can help reduce LC GHG emissions from MAC systems effectively. The shift from conventional cooling and heating technology to advanced heat pump technology in electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce electricity use in MAC system operation and reduce LC GHG emissions from the MAC systems in EVs.

ACS Style

Zhiyi Yuan; Xunmin Ou; Tianduo Peng; Xiaoyu Yan. Development and application of a life cycle greenhouse gas emission analysis model for mobile air conditioning systems. Applied Energy 2018, 221, 161 -179.

AMA Style

Zhiyi Yuan, Xunmin Ou, Tianduo Peng, Xiaoyu Yan. Development and application of a life cycle greenhouse gas emission analysis model for mobile air conditioning systems. Applied Energy. 2018; 221 ():161-179.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhiyi Yuan; Xunmin Ou; Tianduo Peng; Xiaoyu Yan. 2018. "Development and application of a life cycle greenhouse gas emission analysis model for mobile air conditioning systems." Applied Energy 221, no. : 161-179.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2018 in Energy
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Emerging online car hailing services have caused many unintended consequences in urban centers such as more congested traffic and increased vehicle travels. Those unintended consequences have significant impact on urban sustainability due to the increased fuel use and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. An evaluation model of online car hailing services was established to evaluate impact on energy use and CO2 in China. We found online car hailing services have taken over not only private vehicle travels but also travels fulfilled by other modes such as mass public transit, walking, and bicycling. Empirical case analysis combined with real data shows the operating mechanism, quantitative research method and different future scenario analysis results of the model we developed. Our findings suggest that policies should be developed to prevent online car hailing from attracting too many public transit riders and to improve the efficiency of private vehicle travels. As online car hailing is emerging in many cities around the world, lessons learned from China will be useful to inform the development of policies to avoid unintended consequences.

ACS Style

Tian Wu; Qu Shen; Ming Xu; Tianduo Peng; Xunmin Ou. Development and application of an energy use and CO2 emissions reduction evaluation model for China's online car hailing services. Energy 2018, 154, 298 -307.

AMA Style

Tian Wu, Qu Shen, Ming Xu, Tianduo Peng, Xunmin Ou. Development and application of an energy use and CO2 emissions reduction evaluation model for China's online car hailing services. Energy. 2018; 154 ():298-307.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tian Wu; Qu Shen; Ming Xu; Tianduo Peng; Xunmin Ou. 2018. "Development and application of an energy use and CO2 emissions reduction evaluation model for China's online car hailing services." Energy 154, no. : 298-307.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2018 in Applied Energy
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Energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of China’s road transport sector have been increasing rapidly in recent years. Previous studies on the future trends trend to focus on the national picture and cannot offer regional insights. We build a novel bottom-up model to estimate the future energy demand and GHG emissions of China’s road transport at a provincial level, considering local economic development, population and policies. Detailed technical characteristics of the future vehicle fleets are analyzed in several up-to date scenarios. The results indicate that China’s vehicle stock will keep increasing to 543 million by 2050. The total direct petroleum demand and associated GHG emissions will peak at 508 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) and 1500 million tonnes CO2 equivalent (Mt CO2,e) around 2030 in the Reference scenario. Natural gas vehicle diffusion has a large impact on petroleum demand reduction in the short term, with decreases of 41–46 Mtoe in 2050. Compared to the Reference case, battery electric and fuel cell vehicles will reduce petroleum demand by 94–157 and 28–54 Mtoe in 2050, respectively. When combined with decarbonization of future power supply, battery electric vehicles can play a significant role in reducing Well-to-Wheels GHG emissions in 2050 with 295–449 Mt CO2,e more reductions. The spatial distributions of future vehicle stock, energy demand and GHG emissions vary among provinces and show a generally downward trend from east to west. Policy recommendations are made in terms of the development of alternative fuels and vehicle technologies considering provincial differences, expansion of natural gas vehicle market and acceleration of electric vehicle market penetration.

ACS Style

Tianduo Peng; Xunmin Ou; Zhiyi Yuan; Xiaoyu Yan; Xiliang Zhang. Development and application of China provincial road transport energy demand and GHG emissions analysis model. Applied Energy 2018, 222, 313 -328.

AMA Style

Tianduo Peng, Xunmin Ou, Zhiyi Yuan, Xiaoyu Yan, Xiliang Zhang. Development and application of China provincial road transport energy demand and GHG emissions analysis model. Applied Energy. 2018; 222 ():313-328.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tianduo Peng; Xunmin Ou; Zhiyi Yuan; Xiaoyu Yan; Xiliang Zhang. 2018. "Development and application of China provincial road transport energy demand and GHG emissions analysis model." Applied Energy 222, no. : 313-328.

Original paper
Published: 21 June 2018 in Petroleum Science
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This study develops a bottom-up model to quantitatively assess the comprehensive effects of replacing traditional petroleum-powered vehicles with natural gas vehicles (NGVs) in China based on an investigation of the direct energy consumption and critical air pollutant (CAP) emission intensity, life-cycle energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission intensity of NGV fleets. The results indicate that, on average, there are no net energy savings from replacing a traditional fuel vehicle with an NGV. Interestingly, an NGV results in significant reductions in direct CAP and life-cycle GHG emissions compared to those of a traditional fuel vehicle, ranging from 61% to 76% and 12% to 29%, respectively. Due to the increasing use of natural gas as a vehicle fuel in China (i.e. approximately 28.2 billion cubic metres of natural gas in 2015), the total petroleum substituted with natural gas was approximately 23.8 million tonnes (Mt), which generated a GHG emission reduction of 16.9 Mt of CO2 equivalent and a CAP emission reduction of 1.8 Mt in 2015. Given the significant contribution of NGVs, growing the NGV population in 2020 will further increase the petroleum substitution benefits and CAP and GHG emission reduction benefits by approximately 42.5 Mt of petroleum-based fuel, 3.1 Mt of CAPs and 28.0 Mt of GHGs. By 2030, these benefits will reach 81.5 Mt of traditional petroleum fuel, 5.6 Mt of CAPs and 50.5 Mt of GHGs, respectively.

ACS Style

Jie-Hui Yuan; Sheng Zhou; Tian-Duo Peng; Ge-Hua Wang; Xun-Min Ou. Petroleum substitution, greenhouse gas emissions reduction and environmental benefits from the development of natural gas vehicles in China. Petroleum Science 2018, 15, 644 -656.

AMA Style

Jie-Hui Yuan, Sheng Zhou, Tian-Duo Peng, Ge-Hua Wang, Xun-Min Ou. Petroleum substitution, greenhouse gas emissions reduction and environmental benefits from the development of natural gas vehicles in China. Petroleum Science. 2018; 15 (3):644-656.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jie-Hui Yuan; Sheng Zhou; Tian-Duo Peng; Ge-Hua Wang; Xun-Min Ou. 2018. "Petroleum substitution, greenhouse gas emissions reduction and environmental benefits from the development of natural gas vehicles in China." Petroleum Science 15, no. 3: 644-656.

Research article
Published: 30 April 2018 in Frontiers in Energy
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This paper studies the pathways of peaking CO2 emissions of Dezhou city in China, by employing a bottom-up sector analysis model and considering future economic growth, the adjustment of the industrial structure, and the trend of energy intensity. Two scenarios (a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario and a CO2 mitigation scenario (CMS)) are set up. The results show that in the BAU scenario, the final energy consumption will peak at 25.93 million tons of coal equivalent (Mtce) (16% growth versus 2014) in 2030. In the CMS scenario, the final energy will peak in 2020 at 23.47 Mtce (9% lower versus peak in the BAU scenario). The total primary energy consumption will increase by 12% (BAU scenario) and decrease by 3% (CMS scenario) in 2030, respectively, compared to that in 2014. In the BAU scenario, CO2 emission will peak in 2025 at 70 million tons of carbon dioxide (MtCO2), and subsequently decrease gradually in 2030. In the CMS scenario, the peak has occurred in 2014, and 60 MtCO2 will be emitted in 2030. Active policies including restructuring the economy, improving energy efficiency, capping coal consumption, and using more lowcarbon/carbon free fuel are recommended in Dezhou city peaked CO2 emission as early as possible.

ACS Style

Sheng Zhou; Maosheng Duan; Zhiyi Yuan; Xunmin Ou. Peak CO2 emission in the region dominated by coal use and heavy chemical industries: A case study of Dezhou city in China. Frontiers in Energy 2018, 14, 740 -758.

AMA Style

Sheng Zhou, Maosheng Duan, Zhiyi Yuan, Xunmin Ou. Peak CO2 emission in the region dominated by coal use and heavy chemical industries: A case study of Dezhou city in China. Frontiers in Energy. 2018; 14 (4):740-758.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sheng Zhou; Maosheng Duan; Zhiyi Yuan; Xunmin Ou. 2018. "Peak CO2 emission in the region dominated by coal use and heavy chemical industries: A case study of Dezhou city in China." Frontiers in Energy 14, no. 4: 740-758.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2018 in Energy Strategy Reviews
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Sheng Zhou; Yu Wang; Zhiyi Yuan; Xunmin Ou. Peak energy consumption and CO 2 emissions in China's industrial sector. Energy Strategy Reviews 2018, 20, 113 -123.

AMA Style

Sheng Zhou, Yu Wang, Zhiyi Yuan, Xunmin Ou. Peak energy consumption and CO 2 emissions in China's industrial sector. Energy Strategy Reviews. 2018; 20 ():113-123.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sheng Zhou; Yu Wang; Zhiyi Yuan; Xunmin Ou. 2018. "Peak energy consumption and CO 2 emissions in China's industrial sector." Energy Strategy Reviews 20, no. : 113-123.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2018 in Chemical Engineering Research and Design
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An expandable electric vehicle (EV) life-cycle analysis (LCA) model (EV-LCA) is developed to analyze the life cycle (LC) energy consumption (EC) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of EVs considering variations in electricity grid mix and vehicle energy efficiency performance. Employing EV-LCA as a common model platform, a case study is conducted to assess the LC GHG emissions of an average passenger battery electric vehicle (BEV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) with a comparative internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) under real-world driving conditions in China, the U.S., Japan, Canada and EU, based on country-specific data. The model is shown to be applicable and flexible to assess the average EC and GHG emissions performance of EVs at both regional and national level under large-scale adoption. The case study indicates that currently BEVs show a positive performance in GHG emissions reduction (GER) (ranging from 30% to 80%) when compared to gasoline ICEVs globally. It is also found that the GER effect of EV is highly variable geographically due to significant differences in the electricity grid mix and GHG emissions intensity of grid electricity among countries. EVs can achieve higher GER with the development of low carbon electricity in future. The GER potential of PHEV is significantly influenced by the all-electric range (AER). Several policy suggestions are presented, including the consideration of regional characteristics in GER assessment of EVs and the need to accelerate low-carbon electricity development.

ACS Style

Tianduo Peng; Xunmin Ou; Xiaoyu Yan. Development and application of an electric vehicles life-cycle energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions analysis model. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 2018, 131, 699 -708.

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Tianduo Peng, Xunmin Ou, Xiaoyu Yan. Development and application of an electric vehicles life-cycle energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions analysis model. Chemical Engineering Research and Design. 2018; 131 ():699-708.

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Tianduo Peng; Xunmin Ou; Xiaoyu Yan. 2018. "Development and application of an electric vehicles life-cycle energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions analysis model." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 131, no. : 699-708.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Energy
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Hongqing Song; Xunmin Ou; Jiehui Yuan; Mingxu Yu; Cheng Wang. Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of diesel/LNG heavy-duty vehicle fleets in China based on a bottom-up model analysis. Energy 2017, 140, 966 -978.

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Hongqing Song, Xunmin Ou, Jiehui Yuan, Mingxu Yu, Cheng Wang. Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of diesel/LNG heavy-duty vehicle fleets in China based on a bottom-up model analysis. Energy. 2017; 140 ():966-978.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hongqing Song; Xunmin Ou; Jiehui Yuan; Mingxu Yu; Cheng Wang. 2017. "Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of diesel/LNG heavy-duty vehicle fleets in China based on a bottom-up model analysis." Energy 140, no. : 966-978.