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Environmental factors such as temperature strongly impact microbial communities. In the current context of global warming, it is therefore crucial to understand the effects of these factors on human, animal, or plant pathogens. Here, we used a common-garden experiment to analyze the thermal responses of three life-history traits (latent period, lesion growth, spore number) in isolates of the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans from different climatic zones. We also used a fitness index (FI) aggregating these traits into a single parameter. The experiments revealed patterns of local adaptation to temperature for several traits and for the FI, both between populations and within clonal lineages. Local adaptation to temperature could result from selection for increased survival between epidemics, when isolates are exposed to more extreme climatic conditions than during epidemics. We also showed different thermal responses among two clonal lineages sympatric in western Europe, with lower performances of lineage 13_A2 compared to 6_A1, especially at low temperatures. These data therefore stress the importance of thermal adaptation in a widespread, invasive pathogen, where adaptation is usually considered almost exclusively with respect to host plants. This must now be taken into account to explain, and possibly predict, the global distribution of specific lineages and their epidemic potential.
Nicolas Mariette; Annabelle Androdias; Romain Mabon; Roselyne Corbière; Bruno Marquer; Josselin Montarry; Didier Andrivon. Local adaptation to temperature in populations and clonal lineages of the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Ecology and Evolution 2016, 6, 6320 -6331.
AMA StyleNicolas Mariette, Annabelle Androdias, Romain Mabon, Roselyne Corbière, Bruno Marquer, Josselin Montarry, Didier Andrivon. Local adaptation to temperature in populations and clonal lineages of the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Ecology and Evolution. 2016; 6 (17):6320-6331.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicolas Mariette; Annabelle Androdias; Romain Mabon; Roselyne Corbière; Bruno Marquer; Josselin Montarry; Didier Andrivon. 2016. "Local adaptation to temperature in populations and clonal lineages of the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans." Ecology and Evolution 6, no. 17: 6320-6331.
The main objective of this paper was to test the ‘always more aggressive’ hypothesis, often advocated to explain lineage replacements in clonal populations of the potato late blight oomycete Phytophthora infestans. To this end, we analysed genotypic and pathogenicity data on 1274 French isolates of P. infestans collected over the period 2001‐2008. Overall, the populations sampled showed limited genetic diversity, with four multilocus lineages (1_A1, 2_A1, 8_A1 and 13_A2) accounting for over 80% of the isolates collected. As in other West European countries, we observed drastic changes of these dominant clonal lineages along the course of the eight years, particularly with the appearance and propagation of the clone 13_A2. However, invasiveness of clones was not associated with higher aggressiveness; on the contrary, dominant clones had generally low or moderate aggressiveness relative to others present at the same time within the same populations. This finding challenges the link between invasive behavior and increased aggressiveness often assumed in this biotrophic pathogen, and could rather reflect the existence of a trade‐off between intra‐season and inter‐season transmission. This would be consistent with the concept of inclusive fitness, which involves the abilities to both reproduce and survive.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
N. Mariette; R. Mabon; R. Corbière; F. Boulard; I. Glais; B. Marquer; C. Pasco; Josselin Montarry; D. Andrivon; J. Montarry And. Phenotypic and genotypic changes in French populations of Phytophthora infestans : are invasive clones the most aggressive? Plant Pathology 2015, 65, 577 -586.
AMA StyleN. Mariette, R. Mabon, R. Corbière, F. Boulard, I. Glais, B. Marquer, C. Pasco, Josselin Montarry, D. Andrivon, J. Montarry And. Phenotypic and genotypic changes in French populations of Phytophthora infestans : are invasive clones the most aggressive? Plant Pathology. 2015; 65 (4):577-586.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN. Mariette; R. Mabon; R. Corbière; F. Boulard; I. Glais; B. Marquer; C. Pasco; Josselin Montarry; D. Andrivon; J. Montarry And. 2015. "Phenotypic and genotypic changes in French populations of Phytophthora infestans : are invasive clones the most aggressive?" Plant Pathology 65, no. 4: 577-586.
International audienceA trade-off between pathogenicity and transmission is often postulated to explain the persistence of pathogens over time. If demonstrated, it would help to predict the evolution of pathogenicity across cropping seasons, and to develop sustainable control strategies from this prediction. Unfortunately, experimental demonstration of such trade-offs in agricultural plant pathogens remains elusive. We measured asexual transmission of Phytophthora infestans isolates differing in pathogenicity in two sets of artificial infection experiments under controlled, semi-outdoor conditions. Higher foliar pathogenicity decreased mean daughter tuber weight, increased infection severity in daughter tubers, and increased stem mortality before emergence. The most pathogenic isolates thus suffer a double penalty for asexual transmission: a lower survival probability within small and severely infected tubers; and a lower infection probability of neighbouring healthy plants due to fewer infected stems produced by surviving tubers. Moderate tuber resistance favoured transmission of the least pathogenic isolates, while high levels of resistance almost abolished transmission of all isolates. These data demonstrate a trade-off between foliar pathogenicity and asexual transmission over seasons in P. infestans, which should stabilise pathogenicity over time in the potato late blight pathosystem and possibly favour clone replacement by less pathogenic lineages after demographic bottlenecks
Claudine Pasco; Josselin Montarry; Bruno Marquer; Didier Andrivon. And the nasty ones lose in the end: foliar pathogenicity trades off with asexual transmission in the Irish famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans. New Phytologist 2015, 209, 334 -342.
AMA StyleClaudine Pasco, Josselin Montarry, Bruno Marquer, Didier Andrivon. And the nasty ones lose in the end: foliar pathogenicity trades off with asexual transmission in the Irish famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans. New Phytologist. 2015; 209 (1):334-342.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClaudine Pasco; Josselin Montarry; Bruno Marquer; Didier Andrivon. 2015. "And the nasty ones lose in the end: foliar pathogenicity trades off with asexual transmission in the Irish famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans." New Phytologist 209, no. 1: 334-342.
The induction of plant immunity by Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) constitutes a powerful strategy for crop protection. PAMPs indeed induce general defense responses in plants and thus increase plant resistance to pathogens. Phytophthora infestans culture filtrates (CCFs) are known to induce defense responses and decrease the severity of soft rot due to Pectobacterium atrosepticum in potato tubers. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize the active compounds from P. infestans filtrate. The filtrate was fractionated by gel filtration, and the protection effects against P. atrosepticum and the ability to induce PAL activity were tested for each fraction. The fraction active in protection (F1) also induced PAL activity, as did the whole filtrate. Three elicitins (INF1, INF4 and INF5) were identified in F1b, subfraction of F1, by MALDI-TOF-MS and MS/MS analyses. However, deproteinized F1b still showed biological activity against the bacterium, revealing the presence of an additional active compound. GC-MS analyses of the deproteinized fraction highlighted the presence of a galactan-based complex polysaccharide. These experiments demonstrate that the biological activity of the CCF against P. atrosepticum results from a combined action of three elicitins and a complex polysaccharide, probably through the activation of general defense responses.
Guillaume Saubeau; Fanny Gaillard; Laurent Legentil; Caroline Nugier-Chauvin; Vincent Ferrieres; Didier Andrivon; Florence Val. Identification of Three Elicitins and a Galactan-Based Complex Polysaccharide from a Concentrated Culture Filtrate of Phytophthora infestans Efficient against Pectobacterium atrosepticum. Molecules 2014, 19, 15374 -15390.
AMA StyleGuillaume Saubeau, Fanny Gaillard, Laurent Legentil, Caroline Nugier-Chauvin, Vincent Ferrieres, Didier Andrivon, Florence Val. Identification of Three Elicitins and a Galactan-Based Complex Polysaccharide from a Concentrated Culture Filtrate of Phytophthora infestans Efficient against Pectobacterium atrosepticum. Molecules. 2014; 19 (10):15374-15390.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuillaume Saubeau; Fanny Gaillard; Laurent Legentil; Caroline Nugier-Chauvin; Vincent Ferrieres; Didier Andrivon; Florence Val. 2014. "Identification of Three Elicitins and a Galactan-Based Complex Polysaccharide from a Concentrated Culture Filtrate of Phytophthora infestans Efficient against Pectobacterium atrosepticum." Molecules 19, no. 10: 15374-15390.
Cyclic parthenogens alternate asexual reproduction with periodic episodes of sexual reproduction. Sexually produced free-living forms are often their only way to survive unfavorable periods. When sexual reproduction requires the mating of two self-incompatible individuals, mating limitation may generate an Allee effect, which makes small populations particularly vulnerable to extinction; parthenogenetic reproduction can attenuate this effect. However, asexual reproduction likely trades off with sexual reproduction. To explore the evolutionary implications of such a trade-off, we included recurrent mating events associated with seasonal interruptions in a simple population dynamics model. Following an adaptive dynamics approach, we showed that positive density dependence associated with Allee effects in cyclic parthenogens promotes evolutionary divergence in the level of investment in asexual reproduction. Although polymorphism may be transient, morphs mostly investing into sexual reproduction may eventually exclude those predominantly reproducing in an asexual manner. Asexual morphs can be seen as making cooperative investments into the common pool of mates, while sexual morphs defect, survive better, and may eventually fix in the population. Our findings provide a novel hypothesis for the frequent coexistence of sexual and asexual lineages, notably in plant parasitic fungi.
Magda Castel; Ludovic Mailleret; Didier Andrivon; Virginie Ravigné; Frédéric M. Hamelin. Allee Effects and the Evolution of Polymorphism in Cyclic Parthenogens. The American Naturalist 2014, 183, E75 -E88.
AMA StyleMagda Castel, Ludovic Mailleret, Didier Andrivon, Virginie Ravigné, Frédéric M. Hamelin. Allee Effects and the Evolution of Polymorphism in Cyclic Parthenogens. The American Naturalist. 2014; 183 (3):E75-E88.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagda Castel; Ludovic Mailleret; Didier Andrivon; Virginie Ravigné; Frédéric M. Hamelin. 2014. "Allee Effects and the Evolution of Polymorphism in Cyclic Parthenogens." The American Naturalist 183, no. 3: E75-E88.
Sustainably managing plant resistance to epidemic pathogens implies controlling the genetic and demographic changes in pathogen populations faced with resistant hosts. Resistance management thus depends upon the dynamics of local adaptation, mainly driven by the balance between selection and gene flow. This dynamics is best investigated with populations from locally dominant hosts in islands with long histories of local selection. We used the unique case of the potato late blight pathosystem on Jersey, where a monoculture of potato cultivar ‘Jersey Royal’ has been in place for over a century. We also sampled populations from the coasts of Brittany and Normandy, as likely sources for gene flow. The isolation by distance pattern and the absence of genetic differentiation between Jersey and the closest French sites revealed gene flow at that spatial scale. Microsatellite allele frequencies revealed no evidence of recombination in the populations, but admixture of two genotypic clusters. No local adaptation in Jersey was detected from pathogenicity tests on Jersey Royal and on French cultivars. These data suggest that long‐distance gene flow (~ 50/100 km) prevents local adaptation in Jersey despite a century of local selection by a single host cultivar and emphasize the need for regional rather than local management of resistance gene deployment.
Isabelle Glais; Josselin Montarry; Roselyne Corbière; Claudine Pasco; Bruno Marquer; Hélène Magalon; Didier Andrivon. Long‐distance gene flow outweighs a century of local selection and prevents local adaptation in the Irish famine pathogen P hytophthora infestans. Evolutionary Applications 2014, 7, 442 -452.
AMA StyleIsabelle Glais, Josselin Montarry, Roselyne Corbière, Claudine Pasco, Bruno Marquer, Hélène Magalon, Didier Andrivon. Long‐distance gene flow outweighs a century of local selection and prevents local adaptation in the Irish famine pathogen P hytophthora infestans. Evolutionary Applications. 2014; 7 (4):442-452.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsabelle Glais; Josselin Montarry; Roselyne Corbière; Claudine Pasco; Bruno Marquer; Hélène Magalon; Didier Andrivon. 2014. "Long‐distance gene flow outweighs a century of local selection and prevents local adaptation in the Irish famine pathogen P hytophthora infestans." Evolutionary Applications 7, no. 4: 442-452.
The strict dependency of biotrophic pathogens upon living host tissue for multiplication and survival makes them particularly exposed to evolutionary trade‐offs. Such trade‐offs can occur both between life history traits directly involved in pathogenicity (e.g. fitness costs due to unnecessary virulence factors), or between traits involved in either pathogenicity (within‐season fitness) or survival (between‐season fitness). Both types of trade‐offs should result in the limitation of maximum pathogenicity, and shape the invasive potential of pathogen genotypes. While strong theoretical developments have been made on evolutionary consequences, including recent work taking seasonality into account (i.e. periodic host absence and/or periodic sexual/asexual reproduction), experimental evidence to confirm theoretical predictions is still scarce. This paper will therefore attempt to illustrate the different kinds of trade‐offs that can be measured, and their likely consequences, taking Phytophthora infestans (the cause of potato and tomato late blight) as a case study.
D. Andrivon; Josselin Montarry; R. Corbière; C. Pasco; I. Glais; B. Marquer; J. A. J. Clément; M. Castel; F. M. Hamelin. The hard life of Phytophthora infestans : when trade-offs shape evolution in a biotrophic plant pathogen. Plant Pathology 2013, 62, 28 -35.
AMA StyleD. Andrivon, Josselin Montarry, R. Corbière, C. Pasco, I. Glais, B. Marquer, J. A. J. Clément, M. Castel, F. M. Hamelin. The hard life of Phytophthora infestans : when trade-offs shape evolution in a biotrophic plant pathogen. Plant Pathology. 2013; 62 ():28-35.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Andrivon; Josselin Montarry; R. Corbière; C. Pasco; I. Glais; B. Marquer; J. A. J. Clément; M. Castel; F. M. Hamelin. 2013. "The hard life of Phytophthora infestans : when trade-offs shape evolution in a biotrophic plant pathogen." Plant Pathology 62, no. : 28-35.
Ideotypes are a popular concept for plant breeders, who designate as such the ideal combinations of traits in a particular genotype to reach a pre-set production objective within a given socio-economic context. The historical, ‘genetic’ view of ideotypes has been more recently extended to cover the design of plant genotypes for specific cropping systems (the ‘agronomic’ view), or even the ideal combination of parameters, identified from formal or simulation modeling, to a specific agronomic problem (the ‘modelling’ view). These different forms of ideotypes in turn lead to different strategies for breeding plants. This paper will briefly describe, analyse and discuss some applications of these ideotype views, using the specific case of architectural traits of plant and crop canopies to limit the epidemic development of pests and diseases in crops. It is not intended to be an exhaustive and objective review of the existing literature on plant ideotypes, but rather to express as an ‘opinion’ paper the views discussed and elaborated among participants to the EpiArch network.
D. Andrivon; C. Giorgetti; A. Baranger; Agnes Calonnec; P. Cartolaro; R. Faivre; Sébastien Guyader; P. E. Lauri; F. Lescourret; L. Parisi; B. Ney; B. Tivoli; I. Sache. Defining and designing plant architectural ideotypes to control epidemics? European Journal of Plant Pathology 2012, 135, 611 -617.
AMA StyleD. Andrivon, C. Giorgetti, A. Baranger, Agnes Calonnec, P. Cartolaro, R. Faivre, Sébastien Guyader, P. E. Lauri, F. Lescourret, L. Parisi, B. Ney, B. Tivoli, I. Sache. Defining and designing plant architectural ideotypes to control epidemics? European Journal of Plant Pathology. 2012; 135 (3):611-617.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Andrivon; C. Giorgetti; A. Baranger; Agnes Calonnec; P. Cartolaro; R. Faivre; Sébastien Guyader; P. E. Lauri; F. Lescourret; L. Parisi; B. Ney; B. Tivoli; I. Sache. 2012. "Defining and designing plant architectural ideotypes to control epidemics?" European Journal of Plant Pathology 135, no. 3: 611-617.
Bernard Tivoli; Didier Andrivon; Alain Baranger; Agnès Calonnec; Michael Jeger. Foreword: plant and canopy architecture impact on disease epidemiology and pest development. European Journal of Plant Pathology 2012, 135, 453 -454.
AMA StyleBernard Tivoli, Didier Andrivon, Alain Baranger, Agnès Calonnec, Michael Jeger. Foreword: plant and canopy architecture impact on disease epidemiology and pest development. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 2012; 135 (3):453-454.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBernard Tivoli; Didier Andrivon; Alain Baranger; Agnès Calonnec; Michael Jeger. 2012. "Foreword: plant and canopy architecture impact on disease epidemiology and pest development." European Journal of Plant Pathology 135, no. 3: 453-454.
Physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying quantitative resistance of plants to pathogens are still poorly understood, but could depend upon differences in the intensity or timing of general defense responses. This may be the case for the biosynthesis of phenolics which are known to increase after elicitation by pathogens. We thus tested the hypothesis that differences in quantitative resistance were related to differential induction of phenolics by pathogen-derived elicitors. Five potato cultivars (Solanum tuberosum, L.) spanning a range of quantitative resistance were treated with a concentrated culture filtrate (CCF) of Phytophthora infestans or purified lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Pectobacterium atrosepticum. The kinetic of phenolics accumulation was followed and a set of typical phenolics was identified: chlorogenic acid, phenolamides and flavonols including rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside) and nicotiflorin (kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside). Our results showed that CCF but not LPS induced differential accumulation of major phenolics among cultivars. Total phenolics were related with resistance to P. atrosepticum but not to P. infestans. However, nicotiflorin was inversely related with resistance to both pathogens. Rutin, but not nicotiflorin, inhibited pathogen growth in vitro at physiological concentrations. These data therefore suggest that (i) several phenolics are candidate markers for quantitative resistance in potato, (ii) some of these are pathogen specific although they are produced by a general defense pathway, (iii) resistance marker molecules do not necessarily have antimicrobial activity, and (iv) the final content of these target molecules either constitutive or induced-is a better predictor of resistance than their inducibility by pathogen elicitors. (C) 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved
Alexander Kröner; Nathalie Marnet; Didier Andrivon; Florence Val. Nicotiflorin, rutin and chlorogenic acid: phenylpropanoids involved differently in quantitative resistance of potato tubers to biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 2012, 57, 23 -31.
AMA StyleAlexander Kröner, Nathalie Marnet, Didier Andrivon, Florence Val. Nicotiflorin, rutin and chlorogenic acid: phenylpropanoids involved differently in quantitative resistance of potato tubers to biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 2012; 57 ():23-31.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlexander Kröner; Nathalie Marnet; Didier Andrivon; Florence Val. 2012. "Nicotiflorin, rutin and chlorogenic acid: phenylpropanoids involved differently in quantitative resistance of potato tubers to biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 57, no. : 23-31.
Evolutionary biology and evolutionary ecology deal with change in species and ecosystems over time, and propose mechanisms to explain and predict these. In particular, they look for generic elements that will drive any organism or phylum to adaptive changes or to extinction. This paper, using examples from the field of plant protection against pests and diseases, shows that the patterns of change observed in natural and in human-driven systems are comparable, and proposes that their similarities result from the same mechanisms operating at different paces. Human-driven systems can thus be seen simply as ‘fast-forward’ versions of natural systems, making them tractable tools to test and predict elements from evolutionary theory. Conversely, the convergence between natural and human-driven systems opens opportunities for a more widespread use of evolutionary theory when analyzing and optimizing any human-driven system, or predicting its adaptability to changing conditions.
Didier Andrivon. Dynamics of Change in Human-Driven and Natural Systems: Fast Forward, Slow Motion, Same Movie? A Case Study from Plant Protection. Sustainability 2012, 4, 384 -393.
AMA StyleDidier Andrivon. Dynamics of Change in Human-Driven and Natural Systems: Fast Forward, Slow Motion, Same Movie? A Case Study from Plant Protection. Sustainability. 2012; 4 (3):384-393.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDidier Andrivon. 2012. "Dynamics of Change in Human-Driven and Natural Systems: Fast Forward, Slow Motion, Same Movie? A Case Study from Plant Protection." Sustainability 4, no. 3: 384-393.
Determining virulence towards race‐specific resistance genes is a prerequisite to understanding the response of pathogen populations to resistant cultivars, and therefore to assess the durability of these resistance genes and the performance of resistance management strategies. In Phytophthora infestans, virulence testing began shortly after the introduction of R‐genes from Solanum demissum into S. tuberosum cultivars. However, the characteristics of R‐gene expression, the sensitivity of the phenotype to environmental and physiological parameters, and the diversity of experimental protocols make the comparison of data from different studies problematic. This prompted European teams working on P. infestans diversity to: (i) design a joint protocol, using detached leaflets from greenhouse‐grown plants of a shared set of differential cultivars inoculated with standardized suspensions of inoculum, and (ii) assess the performance of this protocol in a blind ring test involving 12 laboratories and 10 European isolates of the pathogen. A high level of consensus in the determination of virulence/avirulence to R1, R3, R4, R7, R8, R10 and R11 was achieved among the collaborators, showing that the protocol could be robustly applied across a range of laboratories. However, virulence to R2, R5 or R9 was detected more frequently in some laboratories, essentially from northern Europe; these genes are known to be highly sensitive to host and environmental conditions. The consensus determination was often markedly different from the original virulence phenotype of the isolates, suggesting virulence instability in stored P. infestans isolates. This indicates that creating reliable core collections of pathogen isolates with known virulences could be difficult.
D. Andrivon; J. Avendaño-Córcoles; A. M. Cameron; S. F. Carnegie; L. R. Cooke; R. Corbière; D. Detourné; L. J. Dowley; D. Evans; K. Forisekova; D. G. Griffin; A. Hannukkala; A. K. Lees; R. Lebecka; F. Niepold; Z. Polgar; D. S. Shaw; J. Thompson; B. Trognitz; H. M. G. Van Raaij; E. Zimnoch-Guzowska. Stability and variability of virulence of Phytophthora infestans assessed in a ring test across European laboratories. Plant Pathology 2010, 60, 556 -565.
AMA StyleD. Andrivon, J. Avendaño-Córcoles, A. M. Cameron, S. F. Carnegie, L. R. Cooke, R. Corbière, D. Detourné, L. J. Dowley, D. Evans, K. Forisekova, D. G. Griffin, A. Hannukkala, A. K. Lees, R. Lebecka, F. Niepold, Z. Polgar, D. S. Shaw, J. Thompson, B. Trognitz, H. M. G. Van Raaij, E. Zimnoch-Guzowska. Stability and variability of virulence of Phytophthora infestans assessed in a ring test across European laboratories. Plant Pathology. 2010; 60 (3):556-565.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Andrivon; J. Avendaño-Córcoles; A. M. Cameron; S. F. Carnegie; L. R. Cooke; R. Corbière; D. Detourné; L. J. Dowley; D. Evans; K. Forisekova; D. G. Griffin; A. Hannukkala; A. K. Lees; R. Lebecka; F. Niepold; Z. Polgar; D. S. Shaw; J. Thompson; B. Trognitz; H. M. G. Van Raaij; E. Zimnoch-Guzowska. 2010. "Stability and variability of virulence of Phytophthora infestans assessed in a ring test across European laboratories." Plant Pathology 60, no. 3: 556-565.
In gene-for-gene models of plant-pathogen interactions, the existence of fitness costs associated with unnecessary virulence factors still represents an issue, both in evolutionary biology and agricultural sciences. Measuring such costs experimentally has proven difficult, especially in pathogens not readily amenable to genetic transformation, since the creation of isogenic lines differing only by the presence or absence of avirulence genes cannot be achieved in many organisms. Here, we circumvented this difficulty by comparing fitness traits in groups of Phytophthora infestans isolates sharing the same multilocus fingerprint, but differing by their virulence/avirulence spectrum.
Josselin Montarry; Frédéric M Hamelin; Isabelle Glais; Roselyneère Corbi; Didier Andrivon. Fitness costs associated with unnecessary virulence factors and life history traits: evolutionary insights from the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2010, 10, 283 -283.
AMA StyleJosselin Montarry, Frédéric M Hamelin, Isabelle Glais, Roselyneère Corbi, Didier Andrivon. Fitness costs associated with unnecessary virulence factors and life history traits: evolutionary insights from the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2010; 10 (1):283-283.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosselin Montarry; Frédéric M Hamelin; Isabelle Glais; Roselyneère Corbi; Didier Andrivon. 2010. "Fitness costs associated with unnecessary virulence factors and life history traits: evolutionary insights from the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans." BMC Evolutionary Biology 10, no. 1: 283-283.
This study investigated local adaptation of Phytophthora infestans populations, the causal agent of potato late blight, to two susceptible potato cultivars, each grown for a number of years and over large areas in separate French regions. We measured aggressiveness (quantitative pathogenicity) of each pathogen population to sympatric and allopatric hosts in a reciprocal cross-inoculation experiment. There was no evidence for specific host adaptation in this pathosystem. At both local and regional scales, the distribution of aggressiveness fits a pattern of adaptation to the most common host genotype. Our observations support the theoretical predictions that large pathogen dispersal rates and genetic drift, revealed by the comparisons of the genotypic structures of the populations tested, can lead to a local adaptation pattern detectable only at a large spatial scale. The unravelling of adaptive patterns at different spatial scales can be used for a more efficient management of the disease.
Josselin Montarry; I. Glais; R. Corbière; D. Andrivon. Adaptation to the most abundant host genotype in an agricultural plant-pathogen system - potato late blight. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2008, 21, 1397 -1407.
AMA StyleJosselin Montarry, I. Glais, R. Corbière, D. Andrivon. Adaptation to the most abundant host genotype in an agricultural plant-pathogen system - potato late blight. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 2008; 21 (5):1397-1407.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosselin Montarry; I. Glais; R. Corbière; D. Andrivon. 2008. "Adaptation to the most abundant host genotype in an agricultural plant-pathogen system - potato late blight." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 21, no. 5: 1397-1407.
Josselin Montarry; R. Corbière; D. Andrivon. Is there a trade-off between aggressiveness and overwinter survival in Phytophthora infestans? Functional Ecology 2007, 21, 603 -610.
AMA StyleJosselin Montarry, R. Corbière, D. Andrivon. Is there a trade-off between aggressiveness and overwinter survival in Phytophthora infestans? Functional Ecology. 2007; 21 (3):603-610.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosselin Montarry; R. Corbière; D. Andrivon. 2007. "Is there a trade-off between aggressiveness and overwinter survival in Phytophthora infestans?" Functional Ecology 21, no. 3: 603-610.
The use of partially resistant cultivars should become an essential component of a sustainable management strategy of potato late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans. It is therefore important to determine to what extent P. infestans populations can be selected for increased aggressiveness by potato cultivars with different levels of partial resistance. To this end, we sampled P. infestans populations from France and Morocco, chosen as locations where late blight occurs regularly but which differ in the distribution of potato cultivars. Cross-inoculation experiments were used to determine the aggressiveness of all populations to potato cvs. Bintje (prevalent in France but not grown in Morocco) and Désirée (popular in Morocco but cultivated to a very small extent in France). French populations were more aggressive on cv. Bintje than on cv. Désirée, irrespective of the site they were sampled from. Their aggressiveness increased between early and late samplings, suggesting that both cultivars selected for increased aggressiveness during epidemics. By contrast, Moroccan populations were more aggressive on Désirée, regarded as partially resistant in Europe, than on Bintje, highly susceptible under European conditions. These data indicate that P. infestans populations adapt to locally dominant cultivars, irrespective of their resistance levels, and can therefore overcome polygenic, partial resistance. This adaptive pattern may render partial resistance nondurable if not properly managed.
Didier Andrivon; Fabian Pilet; Josselin Montarry; Majida Hafidi; Roselyne Corbière; El Hassan Achbani; Roland Pellé; Daniel Ellissèche. Adaptation of Phytophthora infestans to Partial Resistance in Potato: Evidence from French and Moroccan Populations. Phytopathology® 2007, 97, 338 -343.
AMA StyleDidier Andrivon, Fabian Pilet, Josselin Montarry, Majida Hafidi, Roselyne Corbière, El Hassan Achbani, Roland Pellé, Daniel Ellissèche. Adaptation of Phytophthora infestans to Partial Resistance in Potato: Evidence from French and Moroccan Populations. Phytopathology®. 2007; 97 (3):338-343.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDidier Andrivon; Fabian Pilet; Josselin Montarry; Majida Hafidi; Roselyne Corbière; El Hassan Achbani; Roland Pellé; Daniel Ellissèche. 2007. "Adaptation of Phytophthora infestans to Partial Resistance in Potato: Evidence from French and Moroccan Populations." Phytopathology® 97, no. 3: 338-343.
Both race-specific (RS) and race-non-specific (RNS) resistances exist in potato against the late blight pathogenPhytophthora infestans. Because these resistance types do not have the same epidemiological effects, their presence, alone or combined, in potato genotypes can be deduced from the analysis of disease progress curves from field experiments, a type of data commonly available to potato breeders, and their comparison with those of standard reference cultivars. The identification of RS resistance is based on the presence of a delay in epidemic onset compared to a susceptible cultivar, whereas the identification of RNS resistance is translated into a reduction of apparent infection rates. These parameters can be easily computed after linearization of the disease progress curves. This paper assesses the reliability of this identification using sets of experimental data, discusses its limitations, and highlights potential applications for breeding and cultivar assessment purposes.
D. Andrivon; R. Pellé; D. Ellissèche. Assessing resistance types and levels to epidemic diseases from the analysis of disease progress curves: Principles and application to potato late blight. American Journal of Potato Research 2006, 83, 455 -461.
AMA StyleD. Andrivon, R. Pellé, D. Ellissèche. Assessing resistance types and levels to epidemic diseases from the analysis of disease progress curves: Principles and application to potato late blight. American Journal of Potato Research. 2006; 83 (6):455-461.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Andrivon; R. Pellé; D. Ellissèche. 2006. "Assessing resistance types and levels to epidemic diseases from the analysis of disease progress curves: Principles and application to potato late blight." American Journal of Potato Research 83, no. 6: 455-461.
Understanding the consequences of selection by host resistance on pathogen population structure provides useful insights into the dynamics of host-parasite co-evolution processes and is crucial for effective disease management through resistant cultivars. We tested general vs. local population adaptation to host cultivars, by characterizing a French collection of Phytophthora infestans (the causal organism of potato late blight) sampled during two consecutive years on cultivars exhibiting various levels of resistance. Local populations were structured by the host for virulence (qualitative pathogenicity) but also for aggressiveness (quantitative pathogenicity). All populations had a low genotypic diversity for amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), and presumably consisted of a few closely related clonal lineages. No correlation was detected between pathogenicity traits and AFLP genotypes. The data support the hypothesis of general adaptation for aggressiveness, to which directional selection for virulence is superimposed when race-specific resistance is introduced.
Josselin Montarry; R. Corbiere; S. Lesueur; I. Glais; D. Andrivon. Does selection by resistant hosts trigger local adaptation in plant-pathogen systems? Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2006, 19, 522 -531.
AMA StyleJosselin Montarry, R. Corbiere, S. Lesueur, I. Glais, D. Andrivon. Does selection by resistant hosts trigger local adaptation in plant-pathogen systems? Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 2006; 19 (2):522-531.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosselin Montarry; R. Corbiere; S. Lesueur; I. Glais; D. Andrivon. 2006. "Does selection by resistant hosts trigger local adaptation in plant-pathogen systems?" Journal of Evolutionary Biology 19, no. 2: 522-531.
Many race‐specific resistance genes to potato late blight are overcome in France, but the disease appears later on genotypes carrying the R2 gene. This study examined whether R2 could contribute to durable late‐blight control in France, and analysed the conditions of its performance. Plants grown from tubers of different physiological ages showed no difference in R2 expression in field and climate‐chamber experiments, demonstrating that the delay in epidemic onset provided by R2 was not the result of gene inactivation in old plants. Among isolates collected at one site, those virulent on R2 were classified into three AFLP profiles. AFLP‐VII comprised exclusively isolates virulent to R2, whereas AFLP‐IV and AFLP‐V included both virulent and avirulent isolates. No significant aggressiveness differences were observed between virulent and avirulent isolates from AFLP‐V; however, isolates from AFLP‐VII were significantly less aggressive than virulent isolates from AFLP‐V. These results indicate that: (i) the delayed onset of epidemics on R2 cultivars is the result of the breakdown of R2 by virulent isolates; (ii) aggressiveness of isolates virulent to R2 depends primarily on the genetic background of the pathogen where the mutation to virulence occurs; and (iii) this mutation does not lead per se to lower pathogenic fitness. It is suggested that R2 is unlikely to make a lasting contribution to late‐blight control in France, and that diversification strategies such as cultivar mixtures might not considerably increase its durability.
Fabian Pilet; R. Pelle; D. Ellisseche; D. Andrivon. Efficacy of the R2 resistance gene as a component for the durable management of potato late blight in France. Plant Pathology 2005, 54, 723 -732.
AMA StyleFabian Pilet, R. Pelle, D. Ellisseche, D. Andrivon. Efficacy of the R2 resistance gene as a component for the durable management of potato late blight in France. Plant Pathology. 2005; 54 (6):723-732.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFabian Pilet; R. Pelle; D. Ellisseche; D. Andrivon. 2005. "Efficacy of the R2 resistance gene as a component for the durable management of potato late blight in France." Plant Pathology 54, no. 6: 723-732.