Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with a large burden of non-motor symptoms including olfactory and autonomic dysfunction, as well as neuropsychiatric (depression, anxiety, apathy) and cognitive disorders (executive dysfunctions, memory and learning impairments). Some of these non-motor symptoms may precede the onset of motor symptoms by several years, and they significantly worsen during the course of the disease. The lack of systematic improvement of these non-motor features by dopamine replacement therapy underlines their multifactorial origin, with an involvement of monoaminergic and cholinergic systems, as well as alpha-synuclein pathology in frontal and limbic cortical circuits. Here we describe mood and neuropsychiatric disorders in PD and review their occurrence in rodent models of PD. Altogether, toxin-based rodent models of PD indicate a significant but non-exclusive contribution of mesencephalic dopaminergic loss in anxiety, apathy, and depressive-like behaviors, as well as in learning and memory deficits. Gene-based models display significant deficits in learning and memory, as well as executive functions, highlighting the contribution of alpha-synuclein pathology to these non-motor deficits. Collectively, neuropsychiatric and cognitive deficits are recapitulated to some extent in rodent models, providing partial but nevertheless useful options to understand the pathophysiology of non-motor symptoms and develop therapeutic options for these debilitating symptoms of PD.

Background. Care management of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients currently remains symptomatic, mainly because diagnosis relying on the expression of the cardinal motor symptoms is made too late. Earlier detection of PD therefore represents a key step for developing therapies able to delay or slow down its progression. Methods. We investigated metabolic markers in 3 different animal models of PD, mimicking different phases of the disease assessed by behavioral and histological evaluation, and in 3 cohorts of de novo PD patients and matched controls (n = 129). Serum and brain tissue samples were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and data submitted to advanced multivariate statistics. Results. Our translational strategy reveals common metabolic dysregulations in serum of the different animal models and PD patients. Some of them were mirrored in the tissue samples, possibly reflecting pathophysiological mechanisms associated with PD development. Interestingly, some metabolic dysregulations appeared before motor symptom emergence and could represent early biomarkers of PD. Finally, we built a composite biomarker with a combination of 6 metabolites. This biomarker discriminated animals mimicking PD from controls, even from the first, nonmotor signs and, very interestingly, also discriminated PD patients from healthy subjects. Conclusion. From our translational study, which included 3 animal models and 3 de novo PD patient cohorts, we propose a promising biomarker exhibiting a high accuracy for de novo PD diagnosis that may possibly predict early PD development, before motor symptoms appear. Funding. French National Research Agency (ANR), DOPALCOMP, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Grenoble Alpes, Association France Parkinson.

Treatment with dopamine agonists in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with debilitating neuropsychiatric side-effects characterized by impulsive and compulsive behaviors. The vulnerability to develop such impairments is thought to involve interactions between individual vulnerability traits, types of antiparkinsonian medications, and the neurodegenerative process. We investigated the effect of the dopamine D3/D2 agonist pramipexole (PPX) and selective nigrostriatal degeneration achieved by viral-mediated expression of alpha-synuclein on the expression of repetitive and compulsive-like behaviors in rats. In a task assessing spontaneous food hoarding behavior, PPX increased the time spent interacting with food pellets at the expense of hoarding. This disruption of hoarding behavior was identical in sham and lesioned rats. In an operant post-training signal attenuation task, the combination of nigrostriatal lesion and PPX decreased the number of completed trials and increased the number of uncompleted trials. The lesion led to an increased compulsive behavior after signal attenuation, and PPX shifted the overall behavioral output towards an increased proportion of compulsive lever-presses. Given the magnitude of the behavioral effects and the lack of strong interaction between PPX and nigral degeneration, these results suggest that extra-nigral pathology may be critical to increase the vulnerability to develop compulsive behaviors following treatment with D3/D2 agonists.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson’s disease is characterized by the degeneration of substantia nigra pars compacta (SN c ) dopaminergic neurons, leading to motor and cognitive symptoms. Numerous cellular and molecular adaptations due to the degenerative process or dopamine replacement therapy (DRT) have been described in motor networks but little is known regarding associative basal ganglia loops. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the contributions of nigrostriatal degeneration and pramipexole (PPX) on neuronal activity in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), frontostriatal plasticity and markers of synaptic plasticity. METHODS: Bilateral nigrostriatal degeneration was induced by viral-mediated overexpression of human mutated alpha-synuclein in the SNc. Juxtacellular recordings were performed in anesthetized rats to evaluate neuronal activity in the OFC. Recordings in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) were performed and spike probability in response to OFC stimulation was measured before and after a high frequency stimulation (HFS). Post-mortem analysis included stereological assessment of nigral neurodegeneration, BDNF and TrkB levels. RESULTS: Nigrostriatal neurodegeneration led to altered firing patterns of OFC neurons that were restored by PPX. HFS of the OFC led to an increased spike probability in the DMS, while dopaminergic loss had an opposite effect. PPX led to a decreased spike probability following HFS in control rats and failed to counteract the effect of dopaminergic neurodegeneration. These alterations were associated with decreased levels of BDNF and TrkB. CONCLUSIONS: Both nigral dopaminergic loss and PPX concur to alter fronstostriatal transmission, precluding adequate information processing in associative basal ganglia loops as a gateway for the development of non-motor symptoms or non-motor side-effects of DRT.

Mon travail de thèse porte sur l’étude des troubles du contrôle des impulsions (TCI) induits après la prise de traitement aux agonistes dopaminergiques dans le cadre de la maladie de Parkinson (MP). Cette stratégie pharmacologique permet une restauration des déficits moteurs de la MP mais engendre ces effets secondaires après quelques mois à quelques années de traitements. Les études que j’ai menées avaient pour but d’explorer l’impact d’une dégénérescence dopaminergique de la voie nigrostriée et d’un traitement chronique au pramipexole (agoniste dopaminergique D3/D2) sur différents comportements. De ce fait, le premier axe de ma thèse est focalisé sur l’étude de la flexibilité cognitive dans un modèle de rat de MP. J’ai ainsi mis en évidence une susceptibilité individuelle quant à l’effet délétère de la dégénérescence dopaminergique et du pramipexole sur cette fonction exécutive, les animaux caractérisés comme flexibles étant les plus impactés. D’autre part, il n’existe pas de modèle de TCI courant, reproductible et facile à mettre en place. Le second axe de mon travail a donc été d’en générer un en se basant sur différents tests comportementaux, spontané (l’amassement de nourriture) ou opérant (le Post-Training Signal Attenuation). Nous n’avons pas mis en évidence d’impact cumulé de la dégénérescence dopaminergique et du traitement chronique au pramipexole dans le test d’amassement de nourriture. En revanche, une augmentation de l’interaction avec la nourriture est induite par le traitement, chez les individus contrôles et lésés. Le test opérant de PTSA s’est révélé plus discriminant. Effectivement, les animaux dénervés dans la voie nigrostriatale et sous traitement chronique au pramipexole sont ceux qui réalisent le plus d’essais non complétés dans la phase d’extinction du signal bien que cet effet soit modeste. Par la suite, l’implication du cortex orbitofrontal dans les fonctions exécutives et son désengagement après dénervation nigrostriatale et traitement au pramipexole nous a amené à étudier la boucle associative dans la voie cortex orbitofrontal vers le striatum dorsomédian. Des travaux antérieurs sur les boucles motrices ont mis en évidence des déficits de plasticité synaptique dans le cadre des dyskinésies et nous avons cherché à faire le parallèle avec de possibles altérations de la plasticité synaptique dans les boucles associatives dans le cadre des effets secondaires non moteurs que sont les TCI. Pour finir, ce dernier axe de ce travail s’est donc basé sur l’étude électrophysiologique des paramètres de plasticité synaptique dans la voie cortex orbitofrontal et striatum dorsomédian. Cette étude nous a permis de mettre en évidence une inversion de plasticité induite par la lésion de la voie nigrostriée ainsi que par le traitement au pramipexole tandis que la combinaison des deux ne restaure pas la plasticité synaptique normale. Nos travaux ont donc permis de renforcer nos connaissances sur la physiopathologie des effets secondaires non moteurs induits par le traitement au pramipexole en identifiant des facteurs de risques individuels comme le niveau prémorbide de fonctions exécutives. En effet, les performances prémorbides de flexibilité cognitive détermineraient l’impact de la lésion et du traitement. Cependant, ces résultats sont encore à étayer et le développement d’un modèle animal reproduisant les TCI observés chez les patients reste un objectif à atteindre. Nous avons effectivement obtenu des résultats différents sur l’étude des comportements spontanés et opérants avec respectivement des effets du pramipexole seul et des effets combinés de la lésion et du traitement. De plus, notre investigation électrophysiologique a permis de mettre en évidence un impact identique de la lésion, du pramipexole, et de la lésion combinée au traitement au pramipexole sur les boucles associatives médiée par la voie cortex orbitofrontal / striatum dorsomédian, visualisé par un défaut de plasticité synaptique.