Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) constitutes a serious impediment to the attainment of the World Health Organization's Sustainable Development Goals, which seek to ensure and promote healthy living among humans and animals. Studies have identified the vulnerability of conflict-affected populations to exposure to antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. Resource-limited countries like Afghanistan have suffered for long periods from armed conflicts, and this situation is exacerbated by the already poor or dilapidated healthcare delivery services. The country has suffered human and economic losses due to antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections driven by the prolonged war, as well as a limited number of antimicrobials and frequent under dosage. Most reports point to the overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics as the main reason for building up resistant strains. There is a need for more efforts toward identifying the major contributors and enlightening the public on the importance of AMR. This review aimed to provide a critical appraisal regarding the current situation of AMR in Afghanistan.

Fish and other members of the aquatic habitats are usually in constant interaction with their habitat and potentially harmful pathogens. This study was undertaken to evaluate some of the immune components in the bioactive crude obtained from epidermal mucus of climbing perch. The enzyme activities were assessed using the spectrophotometer and turbidometric assay for the lysozyme activity, and while antimicrobial peptides were determined via AKTA Purifier 10 FPLC with a Superdex™ peptide 10/300 GL column and Q-TOF LC/MS for characterization. Likewise, the antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa ATCC 10451 was achieved using chromatography fractions. Results showed that higher activities of lysozyme and protease were present in the crude extract. While values for alkaline phosphatase and esterase activities varied. The data analysis of Q-TOF LC/MS showed apolipoprotein A1, haemoglobin subunit beta (Fragment), elongation factor 1-alpha, cytochrome C oxidase subunit1 (Fragment), Beta-actin (Fragment) and potent antimicrobial peptides including de novo AAGPKGPLGPR peptide in crude. This result emphasizes their role in protecting to climbing perch from foreign invaders as a part of the innate immune system throughout the epidermal mucus. The bioactive crude has a high potential to be used as a natural antimicrobial agent for pharmaceutical applications.

INTRODUCTION: Due to the fact that antimicrobial peptides antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from climbing perch have not been fully explored for their antimicrobial potency, this investigation was undertaken to explore that possibility. METHODS: antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from the mucous secretion of climbing perch were obtained and an in-vivo analysis was conducted using mice.

Bovine mastitis is a disease that concerns animals' welfare and increases the economic production losses. Bacterial agents such as Staphylococcus species are the main causative agent of bovine mastitis. This bacterial agent expresses some inflammatory cytokines that might enhance the cell-mediated, which may promote the pathogenesis of mastitis. The objective of the current study was to investigate the bovine innate immune response circulating levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. A total of 10 mL of milk specimens were collected randomly from 100 clinically mastitic cows, and another 20 clinically healthy cows were considered as a control group for the California Mastitis test. The microbiological cultures of milk specimens were performed. The interleukins (ILs)that involved IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 were detected using the ELISA test for the evaluation of the pro-inflammatory bovine mastitis pathophysiology. The results of this study showed that Staphylococcus aureus detection was in 31.2% of mastitic milk and 8.7% of non-mastitic milk specimens; and the coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was detected in 14.8% and 18.7% in the mastitic and non-mastitic milk specimens, respectively. The IL-6 level was shown significantly higher (P<0.05)in the specimens of mastitic milk (194±12.8 pg/mL) compared to the non-mastitic milk (31±2.9 pg/mL). In conclusion, the elevated level of expression of IL-6 cytokine in the milk of cows with mastitis suggested that IL-6 might be used as a potentially suitable biomarker for early bovine mastitis diagnosis

Calcium phosphate and chitosan nanoparticles (CaP/Cs NPs) have shown promising potential effects in carriers of antigens in vaccination. However, little is known about the effectiveness of nanoparticle carriers of sonicated whole-cell antigens of Brucella. melitensis (B. melitensis( in biological systems. The purpose of this research is to prepare sonicated whole-cell antigens of B. melitensis loading in Ca P/Chitosan NPs (B.m.As, CaP/CsNPs) by nanoencapsulation method, and examine their physical and chemical characterization by FTIR, X-Ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. In addition, it verified its safety and could induce a response in the male rats (Wistar strain) using three doses (6,3,1.5) mg/ml respectively. The results showed that the B.mAs, CaP/CsNPs had a significant chemical transformation during the synthesis of B.m.As, Ca, P/Cs nanoparticles, have a soft spherical appearance with diameters (19.43 to 34.34) nm sized homogeneous morphology. Furthermore, XRD analysis showed that the interactions between TPP and chitosan modify the crystalline structure, enhancing polymer chain flexibility. Moreover, the loading rate of B.m.As in Chitosan/CaP nanoparticles was 75%, indicating a highly efficient encapsulation process. On the other hand, redness and thickness decreased significantly (p<0.05) for the three doses respectively after 48 hours, and no mortality was recorded in rats after 14 days of the acute test. In conclusion, loading sonicated whole-cell antigens of B. melitensis in CaP/Cs NPs was safe and promising as active immunogens to induce protection against B. melitensis.