Since agricultural productivity is weather and climate-related and fundamentally depends on climate stability, climate change poses many diverse challenges to agricultural activities. The objective of this study is to review adaptation strategies and interventions in countries around the world proposed for implementation to reduce the impact of climate change on agricultural development and production at various spatial scales. A literature search was conducted in June–August 2023 using electronic databases Google Scholar and Scientific Electronic Library eLibrary.RU, seeking the key words “climate”, “climate change”, and “agriculture adaptation”. Sixty-five studies were identified and selected for the review. The negative impacts of climate change are expressed in terms of reduced crop yields and crop area, impacts on biotic and abiotic factors, economic losses, increased labor, and equipment costs. Strategies and actions for agricultural adaptation that can be emphasized at local and regional levels are: crop varieties and management, including land use change and innovative breeding techniques; water and soil management, including agronomic practices; farmer training and knowledge transfer; at regional and national levels: financial schemes, insurance, migration, and culture; agricultural and meteorological services; and R&D, including the development of early warning systems. Adaptation strategies depend on the local context, region, or country; limiting the discussion of options and measures to only one type of approach—"top-down” or “bottom-up”—may lead to unsatisfactory solutions for those areas most affected by climate change but with few resources to adapt to it. Biodiversity-based, or “ecologically intensive” agriculture, and climate-smart agriculture are low-impact strategies with strong ecological modernization of agriculture, aiming to sustainably increase agricultural productivity and incomes while addressing the interrelated challenges of climate change and food security. Some adaptation measures taken in response to climate change may not be sufficient and may even increase vulnerability to climate change. Future research should focus on adaptation options to explore the readiness of farmers and society to adopt new adaptation strategies and the constraints they face, as well as the main factors affecting them, in order to detect maladaptation before it occurs.

Climate change and natural disasters caused by hydrological, meteorological, and climatic causes have a significant and increasing direct and indirect impact on human health, leading to increased mortality and morbidity. Russia is a country that suffers from frequent climatic and weather disasters. This is mainly due to its vast territory, complex geographical and ecological environment, and widely varying climatic conditions. This review provides information on climatological and hydrological extremes in Russia in 2010–2020, floods and droughts, and their impact on the health and well-being of the country’s population. A literature search was conducted using electronic databases Web of Science, Pubmed, Science Direct, Scopus, and e-Library, focusing on peer-reviewed journal articles published in English and in Russian from 2010 to 2021. Four conceptual categories were used: “floods”, “droughts”, “human health”, and “Russia”. It is concluded that while most hazardous weather events cannot be completely avoided, many health impacts can potentially be prevented. The recommended measures include early warning systems and public health preparedness and response measures, building climate resilient health systems and other management structures.

In the Russian Federation and other countries floods are getting more sever and occur more often. Among the Russian regions suffering from floods are the regions of the southern Far East, located in the Amur River basin; two severe floods occurred there in 2013 and 2019. The concept of flood risk consists of two components: exposure (physical factors) and vulnerability (socioeconomic factors). Flood vulnerability index evaluates the impact of floods on socioeconomic development of a studied region. It consists of vulnerability, liquidation capacity and adaptive capacity indices. An earlier study calculated risks of floods in the regions of Russia. However, calculation on the local level is more representative in showing most vulnerable territories within a region. This study describes an indicator method, earlier applied in the the Krasnodar region, for calculating the indices. The author presents the indices calculations for five districts of the Jewish Autonomous Region, on base of the socioeconomic parameters taken from regional databases. According to the calculation results, the Obluchensky district shows the lowest vulnerability index (0.32), while the Oktyabrsky district – the highest one (0.78). For the other three districts and Birobidzhan, the indices are average (0.46–0.66). The indices are also compared taking into account the population density. The table and the map with colour gradients show the study results. In the following research these results are planned to be used for a comprehensive flood risk assessment based on physical and socioeconomic parameters.