SARS-CoV-2 has caused more than 596 million infections and 6 million fatalities globally. Looking for urgent medication for prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation is obligatory. Plant extracts and green synthesized nanoparticles have numerous biological activities, including antiviral activity. HPLC analysis of C. dirnum L. leaf extract showed that catechin, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, and syringic acid were the most major compounds, with concentrations of 1425.16, 1004.68, 207.46, and 158.95 µg/g, respectively. Zinc nanoparticles were biosynthesized using zinc acetate and C. dirnum extract. TEM analysis revealed that the particle size of ZnO-NPs varied between 3.406 and 4.857 nm. An XRD study showed the existence of hexagonal crystals of ZnO-NPs with an average size of 12.11 nm. Both ZnO-NPs (IC₅₀ = 7.01 and CC₅₀ = 145.77) and C. dirnum L. extract (IC₅₀ = 61.15 and CC₅₀ = 145.87 µg/mL) showed antiviral activity against HCOV-229E, but their combination (IC₅₀ = 2.41 and CC₅₀ = 179.23) showed higher activity than both. Molecular docking was used to investigate the affinity of some metabolites against the HCOV-229E main protease. Chlorogenic acid, solanidine, and catchin showed high affinity (−7.13, −6.95, and −6.52), compared to the ligand MDP (−5.66 Kcal/mol). Cestrum dinurum extract and ZnO-NPs combination should be subjected to further studies to be used as an antiviral drug.

One of the most significant Solanaceae genera is Cestrum L. which was perceived as a folk remedy., .Although the The genus Cestrum is recognized for its ornamental usage, in the oldest and newest studies, it turns out thisthe genus Cestrum has interesting isolated compounds and promising in-vivo and in-vitro biological activities. A number of unique metabolite structures were verified throughout the species represented as saponins, lignans, and flavonoids. Saponins were mainly …… steroidal saponins (spirostanol and …furostanol) …… Phenolic acids, aldehydes, phenyl propanoids, and alkaloids, in addition to non-polar components, which were determined to a much lesser extent. Those phytoconstituents that were characterized from different parts of the species by applying different solvents are crucial for various biological actions, including anti-microbial,anti -cancer,anti -viral,anti -inflammatory, and insecticidal effects. In this work, we haveThis work has an updated review of the phytochemical, pharmacological, and morphological characterizations.

Cestrum diurnum L. is a plant of significant medicinal interest, but traditional cultivation methods are time-consuming and uncontrolled. Callus culture offers a more efficient and reliable alternative for consistent secondary metabolite production. Among 19 combinations of plant growth regulators, MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.25 mg/L thidiazuron (TDZ) yielded the highest callus formation. The impact of abiotic elicitors (UV radiation and polyethylene glycol) on callus growth and secondary metabolite production were studied. Results showed that addition of 50 mg/L tryptophan + UV and 25 mg/L tryptophan + UV resulted in the best biomass production, with fresh weights of 3.75±0.35 and 3.20±0.29 g/jar and dry weights of 0.452±0.01 and 0.407±0.04 g/jar, respectively. The highest saponin content was observed with 100 mg/L cholesterol, while alkaloid content increased with 50 mg/L tryptophan and 1 g/L PEG. Chronic wounds, burns, and infections remain major clinical challenges. Therefore, it was necessary to consider an alternative or adjuvant medicine that has low side effects and is safe at the same time as a natural source of medicinal plants. Leaves of C. diurnum were extracted using n-hexane and 70% ethanol, and both extracts were formulated into gels for testing. The n-hexane-200 group showed the highest healing rate, although differences among treated groups were not statistically significant. This study highlights the dual potential of C. diurnum in biotechnological metabolite production and therapeutic wound care.