Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin and Clemants is a medicinal plant that has traditionally been used to cure a range of diseases. There has been no thorough investigation of the potential toxicity of this plant. The objective of this study is to assess the acute and subacute toxicity of D. ambrosioides hydroethanolic extract (DAHE), as well as it alkaloids composition, utilizing LC-MS/MS analysis. An in silico approach was applied to determine pharmacokinetic parameters and to predict the toxicity of D. ambrosioides identified alkaloids. A 14-day treatment with a single oral dose of 1–7 g/kg was carried out to investigate acute toxicity. DAHE was given orally at dosages of 5, 50, and 500 mg/kg for 15 days in the subacute toxicity investigation, and body weight and biochemical parameters were evaluated. Livers, kidneys, lungs, and heart were examined histologically. Chromatographic investigation revealed the existence of nine alkaloids, with N-formylnorgalanthamine being the most prevalent. The oral LD₅₀ value of DAHE was found to be 5000 mg/kg in an acute toxicity study. No variations were observed with respect to food intake, water consumption, mortality, or body and organ weight in the subacute toxicity study. On the other hand, DAHE (500 mg/kg) significantly enhanced alanineaminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and urea. Liver and kidney histological examinations revealed modest infiltration of hepatocyte trabeculae by inflammatory cells in the liver and slight alteration in the kidney histoarchitecture. According to our findings, DAHE exhibits low to moderate toxicity.

Cistus ladanifer L. is an aromatic and resinous perennial shrub commonly used in Moroccan folk medicine against a range of illnesses including skin problems, diabetes, diarrhea, and inflammation. The current investigation aims to determine the bioactive compounds of C. ladanifer essential oil (CL-Eo) extracted by microwave-assisted hydrodistillation and their biological properties using in vitro and molecular docking approaches. The GC-MS analysis identified linderol (17.76%), gamma-terpinene (17.55%), and borneol (13.78%) as main bioactive compounds. CL-Eo significantly inhibited α-amylase (IC₅₀ = 0.41 ± 0.009 mg/mL), α-glucosidase (IC₅₀ = 0.49 ± 0.002 mg/mL) and lipase (IC₅₀ = 0.45 ± 0.004 mg/mL) enzymes. Moreover, CL-Eo showed significant hemoglobin glycation as well as antioxidant capacity as indicated by DPPH, ABTS, Frap and beta-carotene tests. The antimicrobial evaluation used disc-diffusion and microdilution tests in vitro. The results showed that CL-Eo had significant antibacterial activity, particularly against P. mirabilis (17.16 ± 1.04 mm), and moderate effects against L. innocua (13.48 ± 1.65 mm) and E. coli (12.47 ± 0.61 mm). In addition, it demonstrated potent antifungal activity against C. albicans (18.01 ± 0.91 mm) and C. tropicalis (16.45 ± 0.32 mm). The MIC and MBC tests provided confirmation that CL-Eo exhibited potent growth inhibition. The MIC ranged from 0.25 to 8.0% v/v and the MBC or MFC ranged from 0.25 to 16.0% v/v Eo. The tolerance level ratio showed bactericidal and fungicidal effects against tested microbial strains in varying degrees. According to these data, CL-Eo might be suggested as a promising candidate for drug development, specifically for combating candidiasis and diabetes.

This study aims to deepen the understanding of the pharmacological properties of the aqueous extract derived from the peel of Punica granatum L., sourced from eastern Morocco. Chemical analysis using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) led to the identification of 30 compounds, mainly phenolic acids and flavonoids. The major constituents were quercetin (23.32%), gallic acid (12.85%), caffeic acid (12.44%), and hesperetin (12.11%). The antimicrobial activity of the extract was evaluated using the broth microdilution method, revealing strong efficacy against Gram-positive bacteria, particularly Bacillus cereus (MIC = 0.781 mg/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 1.56 mg/mL), while Escherichia coli exhibited higher resistance (MIC = 3.125 mg/mL). Cytotoxicity assessment showed greater inhibition of splenocytes (IC₅₀ = 708.7 ± 49.46 µg/mL) compared to myeloma P3 cell lines (IC₅₀ = 950.3 ± 43.8 µg/mL), suggesting potential selectivity. An in silico study was conducted to explore the pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties of the main compounds. Hesperetin and gallic acid were predicted to be non-toxic and exhibited strong binding affinities to antibacterial target proteins and to BCL-2, a key regulator of apoptosis. Hesperetin demonstrated more stable and diverse interactions with BCL-2, indicating superior potential as an inhibitor. These findings suggest that pomegranate peel extract may serve as a promising source of bioactive compounds for the development of new antimicrobial and anticancer agents.