A atividade antioxidante de extratos de frutas (acerola, amora, açaí e morango) e compostos puros foi avaliada por meio de dois métodos: sistema beta-caroteno/ácido linoléico e método de seqüestro de radicais livres (DPPH• - 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazila). As metodologias foram previamente adaptadas para a realização em microplacas, de forma a reduzir a quantidade de reagentes e amostras necessárias, aumentar o número de análises simultâneas e permitir a automatização das leituras de absorbância. Os resultados mostraram que a atividade antioxidante dos extratos metanólicos dos frutos estava de acordo com a apresentada pelos compostos puros, isto é ácido ascórbico e compostos fenólicos, nos dois sistemas. O extrato de acerola, devido ao seu alto conteúdo de vitamina C, comportou-se como pró-oxidante e os de açaí, amora e morango como antioxidantes no sistema beta-caroteno/ácido linoléico. Entretanto, quando avaliado pelo método de seqüestro de radicais livres, o extrato de acerola apresentou a maior atividade antioxidante, seguido pelos extratos de amora, açaí e morango. As adaptações realizadas nos métodos de avaliação de atividade antioxidante utilizando microplaca permitiram a realização de múltiplas análises simultâneas, além de minimizar significativamente o uso de reagentes e amostras. The antioxidant activity of fruit extracts (acerola, açaí, black-berry and strawberry) and pure compounds has been analysed by two methods: beta-carotene/linoleic acid and DPPH•(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay. First, those methodologies were adapted to be performed in microplates, in order to reduce the sample and reagent amounts, to increase the number of simultaneous analyses and to automate absorbance lectures. The results showed that the antioxidant activity of the fruit extracts was in accordance with those of pure ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds, in the two systems. The acerola extract, due to its high vitamin C content, acted as pro-oxidant, but açaí, black-berry and strawberry extracts acted as antioxidants in -carotene/linoleic acid system. However, by the DPPH• radical scavenging assay the acerola extract presented the highest antioxidant activity, followed by açaí, black-berrry and strawberrry. The adaptation of methods to evaluate the antioxidant activity using microplate allowed the realization of multiple analyses simultaneously and minimized significantly the use of reagents and samples

The bioavailability and metabolism of anthocyanins and ellagitannins following acute intake of grumixama fruit, native Brazilian cherry, by humans, and its in vitro antiproliferative activity against breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) were investigated. A single dose of grumixama juice was administered to healthy women (n = 10) and polyphenol metabolites were analyzed in urine and plasma samples collected over 24 h. The majority of the metabolites circulating and excreted in urine were phenolic acids and urolithin conjugates, the gut microbiota catabolites of both classes of polyphenols, respectively. According to pharmacokinetic parameters, the subjects were divided into two distinct groups, high and low urinary metabolite excretors. The pool of polyphenol metabolites found in urine samples showed a significant inhibition of cell proliferation and G2/M cell cycle arrest in MDA-MB-231 cells. Our findings demonstrate the large interindividual variability concerning the polyphenol metabolism, which possibly could reflect in health promotion.

Background: Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a commercially important crop that produces climacteric fruits with a soft and sweet pulp that contain a wide range of health promoting phytochemicals. Despite its importance, little is known about transcriptional modifications during papaya fruit ripening and their control. In this study we report the analysis of ripe papaya transcriptome by using a cross-species (XSpecies) microarray technique based on the phylogenetic proximity between papaya and Arabidopsis thaliana. Results: Papaya transcriptome analyses resulted in the identification of 414 ripening-related genes with some having their expression validated by qPCR. The transcription profile was compared with that from ripening tomato and grape. There were many similarities between papaya and tomato especially with respect to the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in primary metabolism, regulation of transcription, biotic and abiotic stress and cell wall metabolism. XSpecies microarray data indicated that transcription factors (TFs) of the MADS-box, NAC and AP2/ERF gene families were involved in the control of papaya ripening and revealed that cell wall-related gene expression in papaya had similarities to the expression profiles seen in Arabidopsis during hypocotyl development. Conclusion: The cross-species array experiment identified a ripening-related set of genes in papaya allowing the comparison of transcription control between papaya and other fruit bearing taxa during the ripening process.

Anthocyanins are flavonoids which demonstrated biological activities inin vivoandin vitromodels. Here in the anti-inflammatory properties of an anthocyanin-enriched fraction (AF) extracted from wild mulberry and the cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), the most abundant anthocyanin in diet, were studied in two acute inflammation experimental models, in the peritonitis and in the paw oedema assays, both of which were induced by carrageenan (cg) in mice. In each trial, AF and C3G (4 mg/100 g/animal) were orally administered in two distinct protocols: 30 min before and 1 h after cg stimulus. The administration of both AF and C3G suppresses the paw oedema in both administration times (P<0.05). In the peritonitis, AF and C3G reduced the polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) influx in the peritoneal exudates when administered 1 h after cg injection. AF was more efficient reducing the PMN when administered 30 min before cg. Both AF and C3G were found to suppress mRNA as well as protein levels of COX-2 upregulated by cg in both protocols, but the inhibitory effect on PGE₂production in the peritoneal exudates was observed when administered 30 min before cg (P<0.05). Our findings suggest that AF and C3G minimize acute inflammation and they present positive contributions as dietary supplements.