The incorporation of renewable distributed generation (DG) stands as a pivotal component in implementing strategies directed toward mitigating power losses within electrical networks. With the continual rise in electricity demand and the accompanying maintenance expenditures, the importance of DG has become increasingly apparent. The effectiveness of reducing power losses, improving voltage profiles, and lowering system expenses was evaluated in this study by comparing the techniques of Artificial Bee Colony (ABC), differential evolution (DE), and particle swarm optimization (PSO). Among these methods, ABC emerged as the most effective, showing substantial potential in enhancing DG performance within a 33 kV distribution system, resulting in a 98.97% reduction in system costs. The findings of this analysis provide appreciated insights for guiding future research efforts in optimizing electrical systems.

Grid unreliability remains a major constraint to sustainable energy delivery for critical infrastructure in developing economies. This study investigates the techno-economic performance, environmental impact, and resilience of an optimized hybrid energy system integrating photovoltaic (PV), biogas generation, and battery storage under stochastic grid failure conditions. Using HOMER Pro-based optimization and Monte Carlo simulation, system configurations were evaluated under varying dispatch strategies, financing structures, and Main Grid Failure Frequency (MGFF) scenarios. Results identify the PV/Biogas/Battery configuration as the most cost-effective, achieving a baseline cost of energy (COE) of $0.258/kWh and net present cost (NPC) of $1.86 million under commercial financing conditions. Under concessional financing (10% discount rate), COE decreases to $0.210/kWh, highlighting the critical role of capital structure in renewable deployment. As grid failure frequency increases (MGFF = 100-1,000), the hybrid system demonstrates strong economic resilience, with COE rising moderately to $0.243/kWh, while a conventional grid-dependent system experiences sharp cost escalation exceeding $0.50/kWh. The hybrid configuration maintains a resilience index above 0.95 in over 90% of stochastic simulations and achieves substantial emission reductions under severe blackout conditions. Statistical validation confirms that outage occurrences follow a Poisson process, supporting the robustness of the stochastic modelling framework.