Maturity is a key trait for breeders to identify potato cultivars suitable to grow in different latitudes. However, the molecular mechanism regulating maturity remains unclear. In this study, we performed a grafting experiment using the early-maturing cultivar Zhongshu 5 (Z5) and the late-maturing cultivar Zhongshu 18 (Z18) and found that abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) positively regulate the early maturity of potato, while indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) negatively regulated early maturity. A total of 43 long-distance transport mRNAs are observed to be involved in early maturity, and 292 long-distance transport mRNAs involved in late maturity were identified using RNA sequencing. Specifically, StMADS18, StSWEET10C, and StSWEET11 are detected to be candidate genes for their association with potato early maturity. Metabolomic data analysis shows a significant increase in phenolic acid and flavonoid contents increased in the scion of the early-maturing cultivar Z5, but a significant decrease in amino acid, phenolic acid, and alkaloid contents increased in the scion of the late-maturing cultivar Z18. This work reveals a significant association between the maturity of tetraploid cultivated potato and long-distance transport signal molecules and provides useful data for assessing the molecular mechanisms underlying the maturity of potato plants and for breeding early-maturing potato cultivars.