The wireless communication system is steered towards the millimeter wave spectrum to achieve low latency and high-speed data rate. The MIMO antennas aid in attaining a higher data rate. The prominent spectrum at millimeter wave is Ka-band, suitable for short-range communication. The |S-parameter| response and radiation pattern of the existing MIMO antenna at this band are relatively unstable. Hence it encouraged to design and develop a four-element MIMO antenna operating at Ka-band. The antenna is a circular ring shape with two concentric rings with a plus-shape stub overlayed on circular rings. The structure is developed in four-stage with the comprehension of characteristic mode theory (CMA). The proposed structure generated Mode 2 as an efficient mode, with minor Modes 3 and 5 contributing for resonance out of five modes. The overall antenna profile is 3.27λ ₀ × 3.74λ ₀ (where λ ₀ is the wavelength at a resonance frequency of 28 GHz). The novel decoupling structure has improved the isolation to 30 dB and increased the bandwidth. The antenna has an operating bandwidth of 24.1-30.9 GHz, with a maximum gain of 6.5 dBi. The |S-parameter| from all the ports has an exact and stable response. The proposed antenna has resulted in bidirectional radiation tilted at an angle of 334° and 210° in the XZ plane. In the YZ plane, it has a triple beam. The radiation pattern is also stable throughout the bandwidth. The proposed MIMO antenna has a symmetrical design, demonstrating the possibility of expansion to n-element MIMO through a six-element MIMO antenna design. The article also presents the channel capacity, path loss, and link margin calculation for designed antenna line-of-sight (LOS) communication. The antenna has been evaluated with diversity parameters such as ECC, DC, CCL, TARC, and MEG.

This paper presents an innovative method for the design of a triple band meta-mode antenna. This unique design of antenna finds application in a particular frequency band of WLAN and WiMAX. This antenna comprises of a square complimentary split ring resonator (SCSRR), a coaxial feed, and two symmetrical comb shaped split ring resonators (CSSRR). The metamaterial unit cell SCSRR independently gains control in the band range 3.15–3.25 GHz (WiMAX), whereas two symmetrical CSSRR unit cell controls the band in the ranges 3.91–4.01 GHz and 5.79–5.94 GHz (WLAN). This design methodology and the study of the suggested unit cells structure are reviewed in classical waveguide medium theory. The antenna has a miniaturized size of only 0.213${\lambda }_0$ × 0.192${\lambda }_0$ × 0.0271${\lambda }_0$ (20 × 18 × 2.54 mm³, where ${\lambda }_0$ is the free space wavelength at 3.2 GHz). The detailed dimension analysis of the proposed antenna and its radiation efficiency are also presented in this paper. All the necessary simulations are carried out in High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) 13.0 tool.

This paper presents a novel dual-band flexible antenna, uniquely designed and extended to array as well as MIMO configurations for the Sub-6 GHz band. The single-element monopole antenna features a modified rectangular radiator with two L-strips and a reduced ground plane, enabling a compact dual-band response. The proposed four-element, two-port MIMO configuration is extended from the 1 × 2 array antenna, achieving an overall dimension of 57 × 50 × 0.1 mm³, making it exceptionally compact and flexible compared to existing rigid and bulkier designs. Operating in the 3.6–3.8 GHz and 5.65–5.95 GHz bands, the antenna delivers a high gain of 5.2 dBi and 7.7 dBi, outperforming many designs in terms of gain while maintaining the superior isolation of >22 dB utilizing a defected ground structure (DGS). The design satisfies key MIMO diversity metrics (ECC < 0.05, DG > 9.99) and demonstrates low SAR values (0.0702/0.25 W/kg at 3.75 GHz and 0.175/0.507 W/kg at 5.9 GHz), making it highly suitable for wearable and on-body communication, unlike many rigid counterparts. Fabricated on a flexible polyimide substrate, the antenna addresses challenges such as size, bandwidth, isolation, and safety in MIMO antenna design. The performance, validated through fabrication and measurement, establishes the proposed antenna as a superior alternative to existing MIMO designs for compact, high-performance Sub-6 GHz 5G applications.

This study aims at developing a clinically oriented automated diagnostic tool for distinguishing malignant melanocytic lesions from benign melanocytic nevi in diverse image databases. Due to the presence of artifacts, smooth lesion boundaries, and subtlety in diagnostic features, the accuracy of such systems gets hampered. Thus, the proposed framework improves the accuracy of melanoma detection by combining the clinical aspects of dermoscopy. Two methods have been adopted for achieving the aforementioned objective. Firstly, artifact removal and lesion localization are performed. In the second step, various clinically significant features such as shape, color, texture, and pigment network are detected. Features are further reduced by checking their individual significance (i.e., hypothesis testing). These reduced feature vectors are then classified using SVM classifier. Features specific to the domain have been used for this design as opposed to features of the abstract images. The domain knowledge of an expert gets enhanced by this methodology. The proposed approach is implemented on a multi-source dataset (PH2 + ISBI 2016 and 2017) of 515 annotated images, thereby resulting in sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 83.8%, 88.3%, and 86%, respectively. The experimental results are promising, and can be applied to detect asymmetry, pigment network, colors, and texture of the lesions.

Modern wireless communication systems have undergone a radical change with the introduction of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas, which provide increased channel capacity, fast data rates, and secure connections. To achieve real-time requirements, such antenna technology needs to have good gains, wider bandwidths, satisfactory radiation characteristics, and high isolation. This article presents an eight-element CPW-fed antenna for the 5G mid-band. The proposed antenna consists of eight symmetrical, modified circular monopole antennas with a connected CPW-fed ground plane that offers 24 dB isolation over the operating range. The antenna is further investigated in terms of the scattering parameters, and radiation characteristics under both the x and y-axis bending scenarios. The antenna holds a volume of 83 × 129 × 0.1 mm³ and covers a measured impedance bandwidth of 4.5–5.5 GHz (20%) with an average gain of 4 dBi throughout the operating band. MIMO diversity performance of the antenna is performed, and the antenna exhibits good performance suitable for MIMO applications. Furthermore, the channel capacity (CC) is estimated, and the antenna gives a value of 41.8–42.6 bps/Hz within the operating bandwidth, which is very close to an ideal 8 × 8 MIMO system. The antenna shows an excellent match between the simulated and measured findings.