The vascular bundle especially in the peduncle is one of crucial limiting factors of rice yield, and it determines how plants efficiently transport photosynthetic products, mineral nutrients and water from leaf and root to panicle. However, the genetic base of rice vascular bundle related traits in the peduncle still remains unknown. The 423 panel showed substantial natural variations of peduncle vascular bundle. In total, 48 quantitative trait loci/locus (QTL) affecting the eight traits were identified throughout the genome by applying a significance threshold of P < 1.0 × 10− 4. Combined determining linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks associated with significant SNPs and haplotype analyses allowed us to shortlist six candidate genes for four important QTL regions affecting the peduncle vascular bundle traits, including one cloned gene (NAL1) and three newly identified QTL (qLVN6, qSVN7, and qSVA8.1). Further the most likely candidate genes for each important QTL were also discussed based on functional annotation. Genetic base on peduncle vascular bundle related traits in rice was systematically dissected, and most likely candidate genes of the known gene NAL1 and the three newly identified QTL (qLVN6, qSVN7, and qSVA8.1) were analyzed. The results provided valuable information for future functional characterization and rice breeding for high yield through optimizing transportation efficiency of photosynthetic products by marker-assisted selection.