Sex and gender disparities have been reported for different types of non-reproductive cancers. Males are two times more likely to develop kidney cancer than females and have a higher death rate. These differences can be explained by looking at genetics and genomics, as well as other risk factors such as hypertension and obesity, lifestyle, and female sex hormones. Examination of the hormonal signaling pathways bring further insights into sex-related differences. Sex and gender-based disparities can be observed at the diagnostic, histological and treatment levels, leading to significant outcome difference. This review summarizes the current knowledge about sex and gender-related differences in the clinical presentation of patients with kidney cancer and the possible biological mechanisms that could explain these observations. Underlying sex-based differences may contribute to the development of sex-specific prognostic and diagnostic tools and the improvement of personalized therapies.

Objectives:To evaluate the effective dose and image quality of horizontal CBCT in comparison with multislice spiral CT (MSCT) in scans of the head, cervical spine, ear and dental arches.Methods:A head and neck Alderson-Rando® phantom (The Phantom Laboratory, Salem, NY) equipped with 74 thermoluminescence dosemeters was exposed according to 5 different scans in CBCT and 4 different scans in MSCT. Spatial and contrast resolutions, in terms of modulation transfer function and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), were measured to obtain a quantitative assessment of image quality.Results:The CBCT effective dose was 248, 249, 361, 565 and 688 µSv in the cervical spine, head, ear, dental arches with small field of view and dental arches with medium field of view, respectively. The MSCT effective dose was 3409, 1892, 660 and 812 µSv in the cervical spine, head, ear and dental arches, respectively. The modulation transfer function was 0.895 vs 0.347, 0.895 vs 0.275, 0.875 vs 0.342 and 0.961 vs 0.352 for CBCT vs MSCT in ...

Objective: Apical periodontitis (AP) is one of the most common pathologies of the oral cavity. An early and accurate diagnosis of AP lesions is crucial for proper management and planning of endodontic treatments. This study investigated the diagnostic accuracy of periapical radiography (PR) and panoramic radiography (PAN) in the detection of clinically/surgically/histopathologically confirmed AP lesions. Method: A systematic literature review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. The search strategy was limited to English language articles via PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases up to June 30, 2023. Such articles provided diagnostic accuracy values of PR and/or PAN in the detection of AP lesions or alternatively data needed to calculate them. Results: Twelve studies met inclusion criteria and were considered for the analysis. The average value of diagnostic accuracy in assessing AP lesions was 71% for PR and 66% for PAN. According to different accuracy for specific anatomical areas, it is recommended to use PR in the analysis of AP lesions located in the upper arch and lower incisor area, whereas lower premolar and molar areas may be investigated with the same accuracy with PR or PAN. Conclusions: Two-dimensional imaging must be considered the first-level examination for the diagnosis of AP lesions. PR had an overall slightly higher diagnostic accuracy than PAN. Evidence from this review provided a useful tool to support radiologists and dentists in their decision-making when inflammatory periapical bone lesions are suspected to achieve the best clinical outcome for patients, improving the quality of clinical practice.