The aim of this study was to compare serum irisin, trace elements (Zn, Cu, Mg) levels between the group of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and healthy pregnant group. Sixty pregnant women with GDM and 30 healthy pregnant women. The two groups were matched for maternal age, gestational age. Maternal serum irisin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit at 24-28 weeks of gestation. An association between maternal serum irisin levels and clinical and biochemical parameters was evaluated. Body mass index, serum levels of glucose, OGTT, insulin, HbA1C, HOMA IR, HOMAβ, Hb%, and irisin were investigated and analyzed in the study group and controls. Pregnant women with GDM had significantly higher fasting blood glucose FBG (p = 0.004), first-houEr OGTT glucose (p = 0.001), second-hour OGTT glucose (p = 0.001), fasting insulin FI (p = 0.001) levels, HOMA IR (p = 0.001), HOMAβ (p = 0.001), HbA1C(p = 0.001), Hb% (p = 0.017), as compared to controls. serum irisin levels were significantly lower (p =0.001) in women subsequently developed GDM (mean ± SD =71.65±8.03) than healthy pregnant controls (mean ± SD 136.54±22.56). Correlation analysis between irisin levels and anthropometric and biochemical parameters in patients with gestational diabetes revealed that none of the investigated parameters correlated with serum irisin level. The present results suggest that serum irisin levels might presented as a novel marker for GDM, with decreased levels of irisin being symptomatic of GDM. (www.actabiomedica.it)

Adsorption thermodynamics and kinetics of Azure C and from the aqueous solution on activated charcoal was examined. The charcoal was activated by concentrated sulphuric acid and the adsorption kinetic and thermodynamic was tested in batch experiment. An experiments used the adsorption batch method to observe the effect of the variable parameters, i.e. concentration of dye, time of contact, pH, temperature and adsorbent dose. The ideal dosage of adsorbent was 0.3 g for Azure C. The equilibrium state was reached within 60 min for dye Azure C at activated charcoal. The isotherms of equilibrium were investigated to characterize the adsorption operation. The data for the kinetics study were adjusted utilizing the equation of pseudo- second-order and the model of diffusion (intra-particle). All data were evaluated by means of equilibrium Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin isotherm on activated charcoal surface. Based on the adsorption isotherm evaluation on activated charcoal the result was 4S by using Giles classification. The thermodynamic factors like ΔH, ΔG and ΔS were estimated.

The early stages of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) are symptomless. A reliable dependable and sensitive biomarker is needed for the purpose of early identification of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) as a biomarker for early identification of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Patient samples were collected from the National Diabetes Center, Mustansiriyah University; a case control study was done from April 2022 to November 2022, in Baghdad, Iraq. One hundred sixty individuals between 30 to 60 years-old were included. Participants were divided into three groups: group one included 40 type 2 diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy, group two consisted of 40 type 2 diabetic patients without peripheral neuropathy and group three included 80 apparently in good health as the control. Toronto Clinical Neuropathy Scoring System (TCSS) was used for clinical evaluation of peripheral neuropathy. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was measured by the CLOVER A1c system. In addition, serum NSE levels were measured by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. Age, sex, and other standard variables were used as a basis for comparisons between groups. Statistically, diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy demonstrated higher level of NSE (28.42±6.93 ng/ml) than did either diabetic patients without peripheral neuropathy (21.07±2.0 ng/ml) or controls (12.54±2.34 ng/ml) with a high degree of significance (p <0.001). In the context of Discrimination between DPN patients and diabetic patients without neuropathy, the area under curve for neuron-specific enolase was 0.812, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.716-0.909, p <0.001. Cut-off value of serum neuron-specific enolase was 22.53 ng/ml, sensitivity and specificity were 70% and 77%, respectively. In the context of discrimination between DPN and controls, the area under curve for neuron-specific enolase was 1.00, 95% confidence interval was 1.0-1.0, p <0.001. At a cut-off value of serum neuron-specific enolase = 18.3 ng/ml, both the sensitivity and specificity were 100%. Neuron-specific enolase could potentially be used as a biomarker to detect early diabetic peripheral neuropathy and prevent it from developing to an advanced state.

A simple, rapid, sensitive, inexpensive and easy to perform kinetic spectrophotometric procedure for the investigation of trace quantities of the drug, furosemide (FRO), as bulk and in the pharmaceutical preparations, has been improved upon. The enhanced method was depended on the fashioning of the Schiff ‘s base by the reaction of the aldehyde group present in the 5-sulfo salicylaldehyde reagent, and the primary amino group present in furosemide. The latter acts as a ligand for the formation of an intense colored complex with Co(II) in an acidic medium, with maximum absorption at 608 nm. In the work, kinetic spectrophotometrics were established through the fixed time method. Moreover, Beer’s law was applied on the range of concentration between 5-100 ppm, while the molar absorptivity and the Sandell sensitivity were 3.9295×104 l.mol⁻¹cm⁻¹, 0.008 μg.cm⁻², respectively. The detection limit (LOD) was 2.133 µg/ml⁻¹, and LOQ was 1.105 µg/ml⁻¹. Ideal circumstances for all colour improvement were seen, and the suggested procedure has been effectively employed in investigating amounts of furosemide (FRO) in bulk forms and in pharmaceutical preparations (tablets, injection sample). Additives and general excipient materials did not affect the studied method. A statistical comparison between the results that were obtained from the reference method gave good agreement.

A modern, accurate, simple and sensitive spectrophotometric procedure is tested for the appreciation of metoclopramide medicine as perspicuous form, as well as in various kinds of pharmaceutical dosages. The procedure depends on the interaction of metoclopramide (MCP) medicine and orcinol reagent by utilizing azo coupling reaction. The orcinol in NaOH solution middle to give a latterly ligand which reacts with copper (II) to output the complex with strong yellow color at 50°C. The resulting complex is water soluble, stable and can be determined spectrophotometrically at wavelength 459 nm. The calibration curve absorbance vs. concentration was established in the concentration range 0.6-12 ppm, and the curve followed the Beer’s law in this range. The procedure precision is given by the average recovery of 99.91% sequentially, as well as by the average relative standard deviation 0.70%, related to the amount of drug. The sensitivity is established at molar absorptivity 1.9044×10 ⁴ l‧cm ^-1 ‧mol ^-1 . The Sandell sensitivity is tested as 0.002 μg/cm ² . The analytical results for the tested procedure agree with the official procedure. The interferences from medicine additives were tested. The established procedure is successfully examined on the appreciation of MCP in diverse kinds of pharmaceuticals.

Background & Objective: Diabetes is considered a condition that is characterized by an increase in oxidative stress and inflammation. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) belongs to the TGF-β subfamily of the TGF-β superfamily. Numerous biological processes, such as cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, proliferation, tissue repair, morphogenesis, and apoptosis, are regulated by the TGF-β subfamily. Five TGF-β isoforms in this subfamily have been found in vertebrates; however, only TGF-β 1-3 has been demonstrated to be expressed in mammals. Methodology: The current research comprised of a total of 130 individuals, all of whom were placed into one of three primary groups ; 50 (25 males and 25 females) diabetic patients without nephropathy; 50 (25 males and 25 females) diabetic patients with nephropathy as cases, and 30 (15 males and 15 females) persons in good health, who were of the same age as the patients being studied. In order to measure the concentrations of the parameters, the standard procedures and techniques were used. Results: The mean value of serum TGF-β1was significantly higher in diabetic patients without nephropathy and diabetic patients with nephropathy (40.19 ± 3.56 ng/ml),(51.21 ± 5.20 ng/ml) respectively as compared to controls (24.80 ± 3.51 ng/ml) with a high significant difference (P < 0.01). The level of TGF β1 showed a positive correlation in the study population with fasting blood sugar (r = 0.273, P = 0.006), creatinine (r = 0.546, P = 0.004), and cystatin C (r = 0.597, P = 0.005). The main finding of the present study was that the mean value of serum TGF-β1 in diabetic patients without nephropathy was 40.19 ± 3.56, and for diabetic patients with nephropathy 51.21 ± 5.20, while for controls was 24.80 ± 3.51, a significant difference (P < 0.05). In addition, there was a statistically significant and positive link between the blood TGF 1 levels and the serum creatinine levels of the individuals who participated in the study (r = 0.611, P = 0.003). In addition, patients who had diabetes for a longer period of time (more than five years) had higher levels of TGF β1 than those who had just been diagnosed with the condition. This difference, however, was not statistically significant (P > 0.05), which may be due to the fact that the level of TGF 1 rises with increasing duration of the participant's cases. Conclusion: There is no significant correlation between cystatin-C with fasting blood sugar. There was a statistically significant and positive link between the blood TGF-β1 levels and the serum creatinine and cystatin-C levels. Key words: Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus; TGF-β1; Cystatin-C. Citation: Jasem AH, Haddad NS, Yaseen NT. Association of TGF-β1 with cystatin-C in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2024;28(1):151−154; DOI: 10.35975/apic.v28i1.2399 Received: October 26, 2023; Reviewed: December 11, 2023; Accepted: December 11, 2023