Background: Heavy metals are toxic, non-biodegradable substances able to enter the food chain of cows and then transfer to their milk. This study investigated the relationship between the heavy metal concentrations in serum and milk and the environmental pollutants exposure at two different farms in Ragusa, Italy. Methods: To evaluate the concentrations of aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb), milk and serum samples were collected from 40 Friesian dairy cows from farm 1 at about 3.7 km from an industrial area (group 1) and 40 Friesian dairy cows from farm 2 at about 400 mt from a greenhouse and 6.0 km from a chemical fertilizer factory (group 2). Results: The concentrations of heavy metals measured in serum and milk showed no statistically significant differences between group 1 and group 2. No significant correlation between heavy metals in serum and milk in group 1 was observed. A positive correlation between Zn concentrations measured in milk and serum samples was observed in group 2 (r = 0.35, p = 0.03). Conclusions: The determination of heavy metals in serum and milk can be an important tool to detect the exposure to environmental pollutants and in monitoring the hygienic state of the environment in which milk is produced.

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is an infectious agent relevant to domestic and wild carnivorans. Recent studies documented the introduction and spread of CPV-2c strains of Asian origin in the Italian canine population. We investigated tissue samples from a puppy collected during necropsy for the presence of viral enteropathogens and all samples tested positive only for CPV-2. The full coding sequence of a CPV-2b (VP2 426Asp) strain was obtained. This virus was related to CPV-2c strains of Asian origin and unrelated to European CPV-2b strains. The sequence had genetic signatures typical of Asian strains (NS1: 60Val, 545Val, 630Pro; VP2: 5Gly, 267Tyr, 324Ile) and mutations rarely reported in Asian CPV-2b strains (NS1: 588N; VP2: 370Arg). Phylogenetic analyses placed this strain in well-supported clades, including Asian CPV-2c-like strains, but always as a basal, single-sequence long branch. No recombination was observed for this strain, and we speculate that it could have originated from an Asian CPV-2c-like strain that acquired the 426Asp mutation. This study reports the first evidence of an Asian-like CPV-2b strain in Italy, confirming the occurrence of continuous changes in the global CPV-2 spread. Since positive convergent mutations complicate data interpretation, a combination of phylogenetic and mutation pattern analyses is crucial in studying the origin and evolution of CPV-2 strains.

Background: West Nile Disease (WND) is a zoonotic mosquito‐borne infection involving viral pathogens, human and animal hosts, vectors and environment. Cooperation among medical, veterinary and entomological fields has been promoted by the Italian Public Health Authorities, and an integrated West Nile Virus (WNV) Surveillance Plan has been in force in Italy since 2016 to prevent the transmission risk of WND to humans through an early detection of viral circulation by animal and entomological surveillance. This managing model is unique in Europe.Objectives: This survey aimed at presenting the ‘One Health’ approach applied in 2016 to the first autochthonous human case of West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease (WNND) in Sicily (Southern Italy).Methods: Serological (anti‐WNV IgM and IgG ELISA, anti‐WNV neutralizing antibodies) and molecular tests were conducted on blood, liquor and urine of a 38‐year‐old man with encephalitis and meningitis. Overall, 2704 adult culicides from 160 mosquito catches were morphologically identified. Female mosquitoes were analysed in pools for WNV RNA detection. Serological (anti‐WNV IgM and IgG ELISA) and molecular analyses for WNV were carried out in 11 horses, 271 chickens and two dogs sampled in farms around the man's residence.Results and conclusions: WNND was confirmed by serological analysis on patient's liquor and serum. Collected mosquito species included Culex pipiens (93.56%, CI_95% 92.64%–94.49%), Aedes albopictus (5.25%, CI_95% 4.41%–6.09%), Culex hortensis (0.59%, CI_95% 0.30%–0.88%), Culiseta longiareolata (0.55%, CI_95% 0.27%–0.83%) and Anopheles maculipennis s.l. (0.04%, CI_95% –0.04% to 0.11%). Mosquito pools were negative for WNV RNA. Two dogs (100%) and two horses (18.18%, CI_95% –4.61 to 40.97%) resulted positive for anti‐WNV specific antibodies.The ‘One Health’ approach allowed to report the first human neuroinvasive WND in Sicily and to confirm the local circulation of WNV in animals of the same area where the clinical case occurred, defining the autochthonous origin of the infection.

The antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Salmonella spp. isolated from livestock production systems in Sicily were determined. The antibiotic sensitivity of isolated Salmonella spp. and broad-spectrum beta-lactamase strains were assessed by detecting β-lactamases blaCTX-M IV, TEM, and OXA SHV, and β-lactamases blaCMY II, CTX-M I, CTX-M II, and DHA. In total, 93.3% of Salmonella spp. strains showed multi-drug resistance (MDR). A total of seven serotypes (i.e., Salmonella Infantis, S. Typhimurium (monophasic), S. Derby, S. Hadar, S. salamae, S. houtenae, S. Cardoner) showed high resistance values (R) (100–47%) to sulfonamides, tetracyclines, diaminopyrimidines, penicillins, and quinolones. The gene for β-lactamase blaTEM was found in S. Typhimurium (monophasic) and S. Derby, isolated from swine meat and feces samples; S. Hadar isolated from an insect sample; S. salamae isolated from an abrasive sponge on swine skin; S. houtenae isolated from chicken skin samples; and S. Cardoner isolated from a chicken meat sample. The gene blaCTX-M I was found in S. Infantis isolated from a chicken meat sample. The results gathered in the current study suggest that the resistance to antibiotics is continuously increasing. This represents a worrying perspective since they should be usually used as the last option for therapy against bacterial infections.