Near‐infrared (NIR)‐activable liposomes containing photosensitizer (PS)‐lipid conjugates are emerging as tunable, high‐payload, and tumor‐selective platforms for photodynamic therapy (PDT)‐based theranostics. To date, the impact that the membrane composition of a NIR‐activable liposome (the chemical nature and subsequent conformation of PS‐lipid conjugates) has on their in vitro and in vivo functionality has not been fully investigated. While their chemical nature is critical, the resultant physical conformation dictates their interactions with the immediate biological environments. Here, we evaluate NIR‐activable liposomes containing lipid conjugates of the clinically‐used PSs benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD; hydrophobic, membrane‐inserting conformation) or IRDye 700DX (hydrophilic, membrane‐protruding conformation) and demonstrate that membrane composition is critical for their function as tumor‐selective PDT‐based platforms. The PS‐lipid conformations were primarily dictated by the varying solubilities of the two PSs and assisted by their lipid conjugation sites. Conformation was further validated by photophysical analysis and computational predictions of PS membrane partitioning (topological polar surface area [tPSA], calculated octanol/water partition [cLogP], and apparent biomembrane permeability coefficient [P _app ]). Results show that the membrane‐protruding lipo‐IRDye700DX exhibits 5‐fold more efficient photodynamic generation of reactive molecular species (RMS), 12‐fold expedited phototriggered burst release of entrap‐ped agents, and 15‐fold brighter fluorescence intensity as compared to the membrane‐inserting lipo‐BPD‐PC (phosphatidylcholine conjugate). Although the membrane‐inserting lipo‐BPD‐PC exhibits less efficient photo‐dynamic generation of RMS, it allows for more sustained phototriggered release, 10‐fold greater FaDu cancer cell phototoxicity, and 7.16‐fold higher tumor‐selective delivery in orthotopic mouse FaDu head and neck tumors. These critical insights pave the path for the rational design of emerging NIR‐activable liposomes, whereby functional consequences of membrane composition can be tailored toward a specific therapeutic purpose.

Diffusion-weighted imaging is increasingly becoming popular in musculoskeletal radiology for its incremental role over conventional MR imaging in the diagnostic strategy and assessment of therapeutic response of bone and soft tissue lesions. This article discusses the technical considerations of diffusion-weighted imaging, how to optimize its performance, and outlines the role of this novel imaging in the identification and characterization of musculoskeletal lesions, such as bone and soft tissue tumors, musculoskeletal infections, arthritis, myopathy, and peripheral neuropathy. The readers can use the newly learned concepts from the presented material containing illustrated case examples to enhance their conventional musculoskeletal imaging and interventional practices and optimize patient management, their prognosis, and outcomes.

Purpose of Review: Postoperative nerve injury after nerve block is complex and multifactorial. The mechanisms, etiologies, and risk factors are explored. This review article conducts a literature search and summarizes current evidence and best practices in prevention of nerve injury. Recent Findings: Emerging technology such as ultrasound, injection pressure monitors, and nerve stimulators for peripheral nerve block have been incorporated into regular practice to reduce the rate of nerve injury. Studies show avoidance of intrafascicular injection, limiting concentrations/volumes of local anesthetic, and appropriate patient selection are the most significant controllable factors in limiting the negative consequences of nerve block. Summary: Peripheral nerve injury is an uncommon occurrence after nerve block and is obscured by surgical manipulation, positioning, and underlying neural integrity. Underlying neural integrity is not always evident despite an adequate history and physical exam. Surgical stress, independently of nerve block, may exacerbate these neurologic disease processes and make diagnosing a postoperative nerve injury more challenging. Prevention of nerve injury by surgical teams, care with positioning, and avoidance of intrafascicular injection with nerve block are the most evidence-based practices.

With the continued development of nanomaterials over the past two decades, specialized photonanomedicines (light-activable nanomedicines, PNMs) have evolved to become excitable by alternative energy sources that typically penetrate tissue deeper than visible light. These sources include electromagnetic radiation lying outside the visible near-infrared spectrum, high energy particles, and acoustic waves, amongst others. Various direct activation mechanisms have leveraged unique facets of specialized nanomaterials, such as upconversion, scintillation, and radiosensitization, as well as several others, in order to activate PNMs. Other indirect activation mechanisms have leveraged the effect of the interaction of deeply penetrating energy sources with tissue in order to activate proximal PNMs. These indirect mechanisms include sonoluminescence and Cerenkov radiation. Such direct and indirect deep-tissue activation has been explored extensively in the preclinical setting to facilitate deep-tissue anticancer photodynamic therapy (PDT); however, clinical translation of these approaches is yet to be explored. This review provides a summary of the state of the art in deep-tissue excitation of PNMs and explores the translatability of such excitation mechanisms towards their clinical adoption. A special emphasis is placed on how current clinical instrumentation can be repurposed to achieve deep-tissue PDT with the mechanisms discussed in this review, thereby further expediting the translation of these highly promising strategies.