Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (SFRC) has emerged as a preferred material for blast-resistant structures due to its exceptional mechanical properties and energy absorption capabilities. This study introduces a machine learning-based framework to predict the maximum displacement of SFRC structural members under blast loading. Using 107 experimental data points, split into $\mathbf{7 0 \%}$ for training and 15 % each for validation and testing, Gene Expression Programming (GEP) and Multi-Expression Programming (MEP) were applied. The GEP model exhibited superior predictive performance with R -values of 0.964 (training), 0.968 (validation), and 0.960 (testing), while the MEP model achieved reasonable accuracy with $R$-values of 0.922, 0.905, and 0.948, respectively. Additionally, parametric analysis revealed the influence of fiber properties on SFRC behavior. This approach not only simplifies predictive modeling but also enhances its reliability, offering valuable insights for optimizing SFRC design under extreme conditions and contributing to the advancement of resilient structural systems.

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo realizar la revisión del estado del arte del adobe como material de construcción sostenible y vernáculo. En este sentido la hipótesis se refiere al planteamiento de una nueva metodología de elaboración del adobe sostenible donde confluyan las técnicas manuales con las pruebas de laboratorio. Para ello, se realizó un análisis bibliográfico referente al estado del arte de la elaboración adobe en parte de la zona urbano – rural de la ciudad de Riobamba, y su impacto ambiental; además, se describen algunos materiales para estabilización del adobe en la parte introductoria. La segunda parte se refiere, a la propuesta de esta investigación que consiste en el planteamiento de una metodología para elaboración del adobe, partiendo de la adecuada identificación y recolección de las muestras de suelo, y seguidamente realizar las distintas pruebas manuales de campo que permitirán conocer empíricamente la calidad del suelo, mientras que las pruebas de laboratorio físicas, químicas y mineralógicas permitirán científicamente seleccionar el tipo de suelo. Finalmente se exponen los resultados de simular el bloque de tierra y su comportamiento térmico, luego se comparan los resultados simulados y experimentales. Luego de la selección del tipo de suelo, se estableció la Norma peruana E.080 (2017) para la elaboración del bloque de adobe, haciendo énfasis en los beneficios de la estabilización del adobe con fibras naturales. La investigación bibliográfica realizada se espera sirva como modelo metodológico para futuras investigaciones para elaboración del adobe sostenible, considerando que los sistemas constructivos en tierra son parte del patrimonio y saberes ancestrales de la zona andina que se deben recuperar. Palabras clave: Adobe, elaboración, fibras naturales, pruebas de laboratorio, pruebas manuales. AbstractThis research aims to review the state of the art of adobe as a sustainable and vernacular construction material. In this sense, the hypothesis refers to the proposal of a new methodology for the elaboration of sustainable adobe where manual techniques converge with laboratory tests. For this, a bibliographic analysis was carried out regarding the state of the art of adobe production in part of the urban - rural area of Riobamba, and its environmental impact. Furthermore, some materials for adobe stabilization are described in the introductory part. The second part refers to the proposal of this research, which consists of the proposal of a methodology to elaborate adobe, starting from the adequate identification and collection of soil samples, and then carrying out the different manual field tests that will allow to know empirically the quality of the soil. The physical, chemical and mineralogical laboratory tests will lead to a scientific selection of the type of soil. Finally, the results of simulating the earth block and its thermal behavior were shown. After, the simulated and experimental results were compared. After selecting the type of soil, the Peruvian Standard E.080 (2017) was established to elaborate the adobe block, emphasizing on the benefits of stabilizing the adobe with natural fibers. The bibliographic research carried out is expected to serve as a methodological model for future research for the elaboration of sustainable adobe by considering that the construction systems on land are part of the heritage and ancestral knowledge of the Andean area that must be recovered.Keywords Adobe, crafting, natural fibers, lab tests, manual tests.

Background Sustainable modular dwelling design for rural areas should focus on creating healthy and economically accessible spaces, sensitive to local needs and integrating environmental, functional, sociological and technological aspects. Flexibility is essential to reduce the initial investment and allow future transformations, optimizing the recovery and reuse of materials. These houses must be adaptable, safe and have basic services, satisfying the needs and stages of families’ development. In Ecuador, poverty and energy inefficiency worsen the quality of life in rural areas. This project in the Cebadas parish proposes modular dwelling that applies bioclimatic and sustainable criteria, using local materials to improve habitability and promote the social and economic development of the community. Method The research approach is qualitative-quantitative. Qualitative, since it is necessary to identify the qualities of the sector, bibliographic exploration of guidelines and sustainable strategies. Quantitative, to evaluate the degree of affectation through a diagnosis of the study site and to provide efficient solutions that respond to the context and social reality. Results The spaces presented in the proposal respond to the spatial need for growth and expansion of the users of the sector, through 6 basic guidelines that this type of dwelling should have: Environment, Visual, Form, Function, Bioclimatic and Materials. Conclusions The flexible modular dwelling project for rural environments addresses complex housing needs, highlighting the flexibility and adaptability of an expandable module. It includes income generation with a duplex apartment, fosters communal and cultural life with public and commercial spaces, promotes tourism and rural development with landscape design and crops. In addition, it ensures sustainability through bioclimatic strategies and responsible use of resources.

Background Sustainable modular dwelling design for rural areas should focus on creating healthy and economically accessible spaces, sensitive to local needs and integrating environmental, functional, sociological and technological aspects. Flexibility is essential to reduce the initial investment and allow future transformations, optimizing the recovery and reuse of materials. These houses must be adaptable, safe and have basic services, satisfying the needs and stages of families’ development. In Ecuador, poverty and energy inefficiency worsen the quality of life in rural areas. This project in the Cebadas parish proposes modular dwelling that applies bioclimatic and sustainable criteria, using local materials to improve habitability and promote the social and economic development of the community. Method The research approach is qualitative-quantitative. Qualitative, since it is necessary to identify the qualities of the sector, bibliographic exploration of guidelines and sustainable strategies. Quantitative, to evaluate the degree of affectation through a diagnosis of the study site and to provide efficient solutions that respond to the context and social reality. Results The spaces presented in the proposal respond to the spatial need for growth and expansion of the users of the sector, through 6 basic guidelines that this type of dwelling should have: Environment, Visual, Form, Function, Bioclimatic and Materials. Conclusions The flexible modular dwelling project for rural environments addresses complex housing needs, highlighting the flexibility and adaptability of an expandable module. It includes income generation with a duplex apartment, fosters communal and cultural life with public and commercial spaces, promotes tourism and rural development with landscape design and crops. In addition, it ensures sustainability through bioclimatic strategies and responsible use of resources.