In this paper we describe how to include funding and margining costs into a risk-neutral pricing framework for counter-party credit risk. We consider realistic settings and we include in our models the common market practices suggested by the ISDA documentation without assuming restrictive constraints on margining procedures and close-out netting rules. In particular, we allow for asymmetric collateral and funding rates, and exogenous liquidity policies and hedging strategies. Re-hypothecation liquidity risk and close-out amount evaluation issues are also covered. We define a comprehensive pricing framework which allows us to derive earlier results funding or counter-party risk. Some relevant examples illustrate the non trivial settings needed to derive known facts about discounting curves by starting from a general framework and without resorting to ad hoc hypotheses. Our main result is a bilateral collateralized counter-party valuation adjusted pricing equation, which allows to price a deal while taking into account credit and debt valuation adjustments along with margining and funding costs in a coherent way. We find that the equation has a recursive form, making the introduction of an additive funding valuation adjustment difficult. Yet, we can cast the pricing equation into a set of iterative relationships which can be solved by means of standard least-square Monte Carlo techniques.

In the first part we consider a dynamical model for the number of defaults of a pool of names. The model is based on the notion of generalized Poisson process, allowing for more than one default in small time intervals, contrary to many alternative approaches to loss modeling. We illustrate how to define the pool default intensity and discuss recovery assumptions. The models are tractable, pricing and simulation are straightforward, and consistent calibration to quoted index CDO tranches and tranchelets for several maturities is feasible, as we illustrate with numerical examples. In the second part we model directly the pool loss and we introduce extensions based on piecewise-gamma, scenario-based or CIR random intensities, leading to richer spread dynamics, investigating calibration improvements and stability.

The main result of this paper is a collateralized counterparty valuation adjusted pricing equation, which allows to price a deal while taking into account credi

This paper generalizes the framework for arbitrage-free valuation of bilateral counterparty risk to the case where collateral is included, with possible re-hypotecation. We analyze how the payout of claims is modified when collateral margining is included in agreement with current ISDA documentation. We then specialize our analysis to interest-rate swaps as underlying portfolio, and allow for mutual dependences between the default times of the investor and the counterparty and the underlying portfolio risk factors. We use arbitrage-free stochastic dynamical models, including also the effect of interest rate and credit spread volatilities. The impact of re-hypotecation, of collateral margining frequency and of dependencies on the bilateral counterparty risk adjustment is illustrated with a numerical example.