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Dr. Helvi Heinonen-Tanski
Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland

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0 Environmental Microbiology
0 sustainable sanitation
0 Water and wastewater disinfection
0 Use of human urine as fertilizer
0 Hygiene of manure and its use as fertilizer

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Use of human urine as fertilizer
sustainable sanitation
Water and wastewater disinfection

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Journal article
Published: 03 July 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Sewage sludge contains a significant amount of phosphorus (P), which could be recycled to address the global demand for this non-renewable, important plant nutrient. The P in sludge can be solubilized and recovered so that it can be recycled when needed. This study investigated the P solubilization from sewage sludge using Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. The experiment was conducted by mixing 10 mL of sewage sludge with 90 mL of different water/liquid medium/inoculum and incubated at 30 °C. The experiment was conducted in three semi-continuous phases by replacing 10% of the mixed incubated medium with fresh sewage sludge. In addition, 10 g/L elemental sulfur (S) was supplemented into the medium in the third phase. The pH of the A. thiooxidans and A. ferrooxidans treated sludge solutions was between 2.2 and 6.3 until day 42. In phase 3, after supplementing with S, the pH of A. thiooxidans treated sludge was reduced to 0.9, which solubilized and extracted 92% of P. We found that acidithiobacilli supplemented with S can be used to treat sludge, i.e., achieve hygienization, removal of heavy metals, and solubilization and recovery of P.

ACS Style

Surendra Pradhan; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski; Anna-Maria Veijalainen; Sirpa Peräniemi; Eila Torvinen. Phosphorus Recovery from Sewage Sludge Using Acidithiobacilli. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 7135 .

AMA Style

Surendra Pradhan, Helvi Heinonen-Tanski, Anna-Maria Veijalainen, Sirpa Peräniemi, Eila Torvinen. Phosphorus Recovery from Sewage Sludge Using Acidithiobacilli. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (13):7135.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Surendra Pradhan; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski; Anna-Maria Veijalainen; Sirpa Peräniemi; Eila Torvinen. 2021. "Phosphorus Recovery from Sewage Sludge Using Acidithiobacilli." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13: 7135.

Journal article
Published: 11 December 2019 in Sustainability
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Fecal sludge (FS) contains a significant amount of plant nutrients. FS (treated/untreated) has been used as soil ameliorant in several countries. Use of FS-based compost on lettuce may meet reservations due to possible microbiological contamination. The objectives of this research are: (1) To determine the fertilizer value of different formulations of sawdust and fecal sludge compost (SDFS) pellets, and (2) to compare the effect of these SDFS formulations with poultry manure, commercial compost, mineral fertilizer, and non-fertilization on lettuce cultivation. The SDFS products were made by enriching, and pelletized with ammonium sulphate, mineral-NPK, or ammonium sulphate + muriate of potash + triple superphosphate. Lettuce was cultivated in a greenhouse and an open field. The result showed that the saleable fresh weight lettuce yield obtained from all SDFS pellets with/without enrichments were higher than those obtained from commercial compost, poultry manure, mineral fertilizer, or no fertilizer. Cultivation in the open field gave higher yields than those in the greenhouse. No helminth eggs were detected in composts or lettuces. Some fecal coliforms were detected in lettuces fertilized with almost all fertilizers tested, including NPK and non-fertilized control. A properly treated fecal sludge-based fertilizer can be a sustainable solution for lettuce production, which helps urban and peri-urban agriculture.

ACS Style

Surendra K Pradhan; Olufunke Cofie; Josiane Nikiema; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. Fecal Sludge Derived Products as Fertilizer for Lettuce Cultivation in Urban Agriculture. Sustainability 2019, 11, 7101 .

AMA Style

Surendra K Pradhan, Olufunke Cofie, Josiane Nikiema, Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. Fecal Sludge Derived Products as Fertilizer for Lettuce Cultivation in Urban Agriculture. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (24):7101.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Surendra K Pradhan; Olufunke Cofie; Josiane Nikiema; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. 2019. "Fecal Sludge Derived Products as Fertilizer for Lettuce Cultivation in Urban Agriculture." Sustainability 11, no. 24: 7101.

Journal article
Published: 09 November 2018 in Sustainability
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Clostridia are anaerobic spore-forming bacteria, which degrade carbohydrates to butyric acid, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and other compounds. These bacteria are commonly found in feces of ruminants, from where they can enter to udders and milk via manure or fodder. This study was done to find a sustainable sanitation method to control the resistant clostridial spores as they are difficult to control in the food processing industry. Clostridia spoil cheeses and other dairy products, and thereby increase the carbon footprint of products and cause economical losses in the dairy industry. The efficacy of two organic peroxides; peracetic acid (PAA) and performic acid (PFA) was tested against 30 clostridia strains isolated from cattle slurry, silage, or spoiled cheeses. PAA, at a concentration of 220 mg L−1, only eliminated 6/30 clostridia strains, whereas PFA totally eliminated 26/30 clostridia strains at a concentration of 120 mg L−1. PFA therefore seems to be a more potent disinfectant than the more commonly used PAA. PFA is an effective disinfectant against Clostridium tyrobutyricum and other resistant clostridia at 120 mg L−1 for 5–10 min contact time at room temperature.

ACS Style

Maximilian Mora; Anna-Maria Veijalainen; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. Performic Acid Controls Better Clostridium tyrobutyricum Related Bacteria than Peracetic Acid. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4116 .

AMA Style

Maximilian Mora, Anna-Maria Veijalainen, Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. Performic Acid Controls Better Clostridium tyrobutyricum Related Bacteria than Peracetic Acid. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (11):4116.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maximilian Mora; Anna-Maria Veijalainen; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. 2018. "Performic Acid Controls Better Clostridium tyrobutyricum Related Bacteria than Peracetic Acid." Sustainability 10, no. 11: 4116.

Journal article
Published: 28 July 2018 in Water
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Sand filters have been shown to be an economic and effective solution for wastewater treatment in private households, although the removal of phosphorus (P) may be insufficient. However, P removal can be improved by adding a P-adsorbing material, such as biotite, into the sand filters. The physico-chemical characteristics and the microbial quality of the effluents of family-scale sand filters without adsorbing media (SF), sand filters with a biotite layer (B), and sand filters with a modular filter (MB) were followed for one year. Sand filters with a biotite layer displayed the highest capacity to remove nitrogen (N) and biological oxygen demand BOD7. The efficiency of these filters did not depend on the age of the filter or the season. The P load of the effluent did not differ between sand filters with and without a biotite layer, but the modular sand filter failed to adequately reduce P. The treatment efficiency of sand filters without biotite decreased with increasing age. These private household sand filters can be a good way to treat domestic wastewaters, since these generally comply with the minimum requirements of a Finnish Decree (157/2017). However, enteric viruses (noro- and adenoviruses) were commonly found in the effluents, and the numbers of Escherichia coli were often above 103 colony forming units (CFU) 100 mL−1 (limit for the the EU Bathing Water Directive 2006/7/EC) for good water quality), signifying a risk of microbial contamination of nearby drinking water wells, as well as bathing and irrigation waters.

ACS Style

Kati Martikainen; Anna-Maria Veijalainen; Eila Torvinen; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski; Ari Kauppinen; Tarja Pitkänen; Ilkka T. Miettinen; Ville Matikka. Efficiency of Private Household Sand Filters in Removing Nutrients and Microbes from Wastewater in Finland. Water 2018, 10, 1000 .

AMA Style

Kati Martikainen, Anna-Maria Veijalainen, Eila Torvinen, Helvi Heinonen-Tanski, Ari Kauppinen, Tarja Pitkänen, Ilkka T. Miettinen, Ville Matikka. Efficiency of Private Household Sand Filters in Removing Nutrients and Microbes from Wastewater in Finland. Water. 2018; 10 (8):1000.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kati Martikainen; Anna-Maria Veijalainen; Eila Torvinen; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski; Ari Kauppinen; Tarja Pitkänen; Ilkka T. Miettinen; Ville Matikka. 2018. "Efficiency of Private Household Sand Filters in Removing Nutrients and Microbes from Wastewater in Finland." Water 10, no. 8: 1000.

Review
Published: 13 January 2017 in Water
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Domestic wastewaters, which cannot be disposed through sewage networks, must be treated with different on-site treatment systems; these are usually commercial, small-scale treatment plants or built sand filters. These systems are usually maintained by the house’s inhabitants. This study was achieved by analysing the chemical and microbiological data of 717 effluents collected in Finland and Sweden. There were inadequate reductions in 31% of phosphorus effluents, 22% of nitrogen effluents and 5% of biological oxygen demand compounds. The addition of a coagulant capable of precipitating phosphorus improved the performance of sand filters and biorotors. There are no legally binding limitations on the number of enteric microorganisms that can be present in an effluent, but the number of Escherichia coli and enterococci exceeded more than 100 colony forming units per 100 mL in 59% and 53% effluents studied, with the highest numbers for these indicators being more than 100,000 cfu per 100 mL. The number of E. coli and enterococci were lower when the concentration of phosphorus in effluent was less than 1 mg/L. The treatment efficiency varied extensively, even between similar plant models, possibly due to either irregular use, or after long pauses, when they were not being used. In addition, it is possible that the end users are not capable of properly maintaining these wastewater treatment plants.

ACS Style

Helvi Heinonen-Tanski; Ville Matikka. Chemical and Microbiological Quality of Effluents from Different On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems across Finland and Sweden. Water 2017, 9, 47 .

AMA Style

Helvi Heinonen-Tanski, Ville Matikka. Chemical and Microbiological Quality of Effluents from Different On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems across Finland and Sweden. Water. 2017; 9 (1):47.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Helvi Heinonen-Tanski; Ville Matikka. 2017. "Chemical and Microbiological Quality of Effluents from Different On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems across Finland and Sweden." Water 9, no. 1: 47.

Journal article
Published: 12 January 2017 in Water
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UV-LEDs are a new method of disinfecting drinking water. Some viruses are very resistant to UV and the efficiency of UV-LEDs to disinfect them needs to be studied. Drinking water was disinfected with UV-LEDs after spiking the water with MS2 and four UV- and/or Cl-resistant coliphages belonging to RNA or DNA coliphages isolated from municipal wastewater. UV-LEDs operating at a wavelength of 270 nm for 2 min with 120 mW of irradiation caused 0.93–2.73 Log10-reductions of coliphages tested in a reactor of a 5.2 L volume. Irradiation time of 10 min in the same system increased the Log10-reductions to 4.30–5.16. Traditional mercury UV (Hg-UV) lamp at a 254 nm wavelength caused 0.67–4.08 Log10-reductions in 2 min and 4.56–7.21 Log10-reductions in 10 min in 10 mL of water. All coliphages tested except MS2 achieved 4 Log10-reductions with UV-LEDs at a dose that corresponded to 70 mWs/cm2 using Hg-UV. Thus, UV-LEDs are a promising method of disinfecting UV- and/or Cl-resistant viruses.

ACS Style

Alyaa M. Zyara; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski; Anna-Maria Veijalainen; Eila Torvinen. UV-LEDs Efficiently Inactivate DNA and RNA Coliphages. Water 2017, 9, 46 .

AMA Style

Alyaa M. Zyara, Helvi Heinonen-Tanski, Anna-Maria Veijalainen, Eila Torvinen. UV-LEDs Efficiently Inactivate DNA and RNA Coliphages. Water. 2017; 9 (1):46.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alyaa M. Zyara; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski; Anna-Maria Veijalainen; Eila Torvinen. 2017. "UV-LEDs Efficiently Inactivate DNA and RNA Coliphages." Water 9, no. 1: 46.

Journal article
Published: 30 June 2016 in Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development
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Fecal sludge (FS) contains significant amounts of plant nutrients and organic matter although it also contains pathogens. Therefore, FS can be used as fertilizer after proper sanitization. This study was designed to test dried fecal sludge (DFS)-based pellet fertilizers on maize cultivation. The DFS fertilizers were produced by composting, co-composting with sawdust, or irradiated by gamma-irradiation, and then nitrogen-enriched and pelletized using gelatinized or gamma-irradiated cassava starch. These DFS pellet fertilizers were compared to each other and to no-fertilization, mineral fertilizer, and agro-industrial waste compost. The fertilizer applications were 150 or 210 kgN/ha. Maize was cultivated in pots containing Cambisol and Ferric Lixisol growth media. The EC-SDFS-PG pellet (DFS + sawdust co-composted, enriched with nitrogen and pelletized) at a rate of 210 kgN/ha produced the highest maize yield (4.4 ton/ha) among all other treatments, while mineral fertilizer produced 3.9 ton/ha. It is concluded that the EC-SDFS-PG pellet produces similar or higher maize yields than mineral fertilizer and more than the agro-industrial compost in both growth media types.

ACS Style

Surendra K. Pradhan; Josiane Nikiema; Olufunke O. Cofie; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski; Pay Drechsel. Fecal sludge-derived pellet fertilizer in maize cultivation. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 2016, 6, 474 -481.

AMA Style

Surendra K. Pradhan, Josiane Nikiema, Olufunke O. Cofie, Helvi Heinonen-Tanski, Pay Drechsel. Fecal sludge-derived pellet fertilizer in maize cultivation. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. 2016; 6 (3):474-481.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Surendra K. Pradhan; Josiane Nikiema; Olufunke O. Cofie; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski; Pay Drechsel. 2016. "Fecal sludge-derived pellet fertilizer in maize cultivation." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6, no. 3: 474-481.

Journal article
Published: 27 May 2016 in Land Degradation & Development
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ACS Style

Tiina Tontti; Hannu Poutiainen; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. Efficiently Treated Sewage Sludge Supplemented with Nitrogen and Potassium Is a Good Fertilizer for Cereals. Land Degradation & Development 2016, 28, 742 -751.

AMA Style

Tiina Tontti, Hannu Poutiainen, Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. Efficiently Treated Sewage Sludge Supplemented with Nitrogen and Potassium Is a Good Fertilizer for Cereals. Land Degradation & Development. 2016; 28 (2):742-751.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiina Tontti; Hannu Poutiainen; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. 2016. "Efficiently Treated Sewage Sludge Supplemented with Nitrogen and Potassium Is a Good Fertilizer for Cereals." Land Degradation & Development 28, no. 2: 742-751.

Journal article
Published: 06 April 2016 in Journal of Water and Health
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Chlorine disinfection is a globally used method to ensure the safety of drinking water. However, it has not always been successful against viruses and, therefore, it is important to find new methods to disinfect water. Seventeen different coliphages were isolated from the treated municipal wastewater. These coliphages and MS2 were treated with different dosages of chlorine in drinking water, and a combined chlorine/ultraviolet irradiation treatment for the chlorine-resistant coliphages. Chlorine disinfection with 0.3–0.5 mg/L total chlorine (free Cl-dosage 0.12–0.21 mg/L) for 10 min achieved 2.5–5.7 Log10-reductions for 11 sensitive coliphages. The six most resistant coliphages showed no reduction with these chlorine concentrations. MS2 was intermediate in chlorine resistance, and thus it is not a good indicator for viruses in chlorine disinfection. In the combined treatment total chlorine of 0.05–0.25 mg/L (free Cl-dosage 0.02–0.08 mg/L) and ultraviolet irradiation (14–22 mWs/cm2) were more effective than chlorine alone, and 3–5 Log10-reductions were achieved for the chlorine-resistant strains. The chlorination efficiency could be increased by higher dosages and longer contact times, but this could increase the formation of disinfection by-products. Therefore, the combination treatment is a recommended disinfection method.

ACS Style

Alyaa M. Zyara; Eila Torvinen; Anna-Maria Veijalainen; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. The effect of chlorine and combined chlorine/UV treatment on coliphages in drinking water disinfection. Journal of Water and Health 2016, 14, 640 -649.

AMA Style

Alyaa M. Zyara, Eila Torvinen, Anna-Maria Veijalainen, Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. The effect of chlorine and combined chlorine/UV treatment on coliphages in drinking water disinfection. Journal of Water and Health. 2016; 14 (4):640-649.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alyaa M. Zyara; Eila Torvinen; Anna-Maria Veijalainen; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. 2016. "The effect of chlorine and combined chlorine/UV treatment on coliphages in drinking water disinfection." Journal of Water and Health 14, no. 4: 640-649.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2016 in Water
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Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is a common way to disinfect drinking water, but some viruses are very resistant to UV. Drinking water was disinfected with UV after spiking with MS2 and 18 different coliphages isolated from municipal wastewater effluent. In addition, some coliphages were disinfected with combined treatment of chlorine/UV or vice versa with UV/chlorine. A UV-dose of 22 mWs/cm2 caused less than 2 Log10-reductions of 10 UV-resistant strains, while it caused up to 7 Log10-reductions for 9 UV-sensitive or intermediate strains. The high dose (117 mWs/cm2) caused only 3 Log10-reductions in some UV-resistant coliphages, including MS2, which proved to be a good indicator for viruses in UV-disinfection tests. The combined treatment with 0.1 or 0.5 mg Cl/L (free Cl-dosage 0.04 or 0.2 mg/L, respectively) for 10 min followed by UV irradiation of 22 mWs/cm2 inactivated all coliphages tested by >3.6 Log10-units. Synergy was obtained for most coliphages tested by using a Cl/UV combination, and the inactivation using first low Cl-dosages followed by low UV-dosages was higher than if using high Cl- or UV-dosages alone. The opposite treatment with UV/Cl was less effective. Therefore, the combination treatment using first chlorine and then UV can be recommended as a disinfection method for viruses.

ACS Style

Alyaa M. Zyara; Eila Torvinen; Anna-Maria Veijalainen; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. The Effect of UV and Combined Chlorine/UV Treatment on Coliphages in Drinking Water Disinfection. Water 2016, 8, 130 .

AMA Style

Alyaa M. Zyara, Eila Torvinen, Anna-Maria Veijalainen, Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. The Effect of UV and Combined Chlorine/UV Treatment on Coliphages in Drinking Water Disinfection. Water. 2016; 8 (4):130.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alyaa M. Zyara; Eila Torvinen; Anna-Maria Veijalainen; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. 2016. "The Effect of UV and Combined Chlorine/UV Treatment on Coliphages in Drinking Water Disinfection." Water 8, no. 4: 130.

Journal article
Published: 10 October 2015 in Environmental Technology
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In sparsely populated areas, sand filter beds play an important role in wastewater treatment. As the need to improve the removal of nutrients increases, reactive filter materials represent one potential way to improve the reliability of current systems. We tested a pilot-scale multi-layer biotite filter for its ability to remove phosphorus, nitrogen, organic matter and enteric microorganisms with the importance of each layer in a multi-layer biotite filter being examined. In the experimental setup, the filters were fed with a raw wastewater influent mimicking the usual daily rhythm of water consumption and the reduction effects of the variable loads were examined during the experiment time of 54 weeks. It was observed that the reduction efficiency of the phosphorus was good (87%) during normal and under loading sequences but the reduction achieved for nitrogen was poor (27%). During and after overloading sequences, the phosphorus reduction was poor (46.5%) whereas the nitrogen reduction improved (to 66.7%). The reduction of organic matter was good during all sequences. The reductions of enteric microorganisms were at a level of 2-3 log10 units already after a single sand layer. For Escherichia coli, reductions of more than 5 log10 units were found after the wastewater had passed through a multilayer biotite filter during all sequences. It is concluded that the inclusion of a biotite layer improves the reliability of the filter bed. However, the proper scaling of the unit is essential in order to guarantee that the filter remains in aerobic conditions.

ACS Style

Ville Matikka; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. Reduction of phosphorus, nitrogen and microorganisms in pilot scale sand filter beds containing biotite, treating primary wastewater. Environmental Technology 2015, 37, 46 -54.

AMA Style

Ville Matikka, Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. Reduction of phosphorus, nitrogen and microorganisms in pilot scale sand filter beds containing biotite, treating primary wastewater. Environmental Technology. 2015; 37 (1):46-54.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ville Matikka; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. 2015. "Reduction of phosphorus, nitrogen and microorganisms in pilot scale sand filter beds containing biotite, treating primary wastewater." Environmental Technology 37, no. 1: 46-54.

Journal article
Published: 18 December 2014 in International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology
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Municipal wastewater sludge has been used for fertiliser and biogas production for several decades. Chemical compounds such as iron and aluminium are common coagulants used in wastewater treatment plants to remove suspended solids, phosphorus and micro-organisms. This laboratory study explores whether ferric chloride (FeCl3 as PIX-111) or aluminium chloride (AlCl3 as PAX-18) flocculation could stimulate biogas production in wastewater sludge contaminated with Microthrix parvicella. In a fermentation process run in three replicates, cumulative methane production was in average about 25 % higher using the iron flocculated sludge than using the aluminium flocculated sludge; this difference was statistically significant (P P M. parvicella stayed at the similar levels throughout the process. It is concluded that biogas production is higher and more stable with iron coagulant in comparison with aluminium coagulant, presumably due to the reduced formation of hydrogen sulphide. Thus, iron coagulants seem to be better than aluminium coagulants to stimulate the methane production process. Both coagulants significantly suppressed multiplication of M. parvicella in the biogas reactor, i.e. they did not evoke foaming in this experiment.

ACS Style

S. K. Pradhan; E. Torvinen; H. M. P. Siljanen; M. Pessi; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. Iron flocculation stimulates biogas production in Microthrix parvicella-spiked wastewater sludge. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2014, 12, 3039 -3046.

AMA Style

S. K. Pradhan, E. Torvinen, H. M. P. Siljanen, M. Pessi, Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. Iron flocculation stimulates biogas production in Microthrix parvicella-spiked wastewater sludge. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2014; 12 (9):3039-3046.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. K. Pradhan; E. Torvinen; H. M. P. Siljanen; M. Pessi; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. 2014. "Iron flocculation stimulates biogas production in Microthrix parvicella-spiked wastewater sludge." International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 12, no. 9: 3039-3046.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2014 in Agricultural and Food Science
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The main objective of the study was to compare nutrient balances of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) on fertilized grass pasture (high input) and unfertilized grass-clover pasture (low input) both grazed by dairy cattle. The second aim was to quantify P loss in surface runoff from the fertilized grass pasture. The study was conducted on a lysimeter field that included two surface runoff collector ditches. The whole area was rotationally stocked five times per year and the amount of milk was recorded. Nutrient balances were negative on both grass and grass-clover pastures except the P balance for grass pasture, which was 18 kg ha-1 positive. The amount of total P in the surface runoff from fertilized grass pasture was 1.2–0.9 kg ha-1 y-1. It seems that in short-term ley farming, grass-clover swards can retain nutrients in the soil better than pure grass swards.

ACS Style

Kirsi Järvenranta; Perttu Virkajärvi; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. The flows and balances of P, K, Ca and Mg on intensively managed Boreal high input grass and low input grass-clover pastures. Agricultural and Food Science 2014, 23, 106 -117.

AMA Style

Kirsi Järvenranta, Perttu Virkajärvi, Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. The flows and balances of P, K, Ca and Mg on intensively managed Boreal high input grass and low input grass-clover pastures. Agricultural and Food Science. 2014; 23 (2):106-117.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kirsi Järvenranta; Perttu Virkajärvi; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. 2014. "The flows and balances of P, K, Ca and Mg on intensively managed Boreal high input grass and low input grass-clover pastures." Agricultural and Food Science 23, no. 2: 106-117.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2014 in Journal of Environmental Management
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Onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) are recognised as potential threats to groundwater or other water environments subject to discharged effluents. In this study, the microbiological and nutrient removal properties of three different pilot-scale sand filters (SFs) were followed over a one-year period. Moreover, a separate phosphorus removal unit was tested for six months. For the best treatment system, the average log removals were 2.2-3.5 for pathogenic human noro- and adenoviruses and 4.3-5.2 and 4.6-5.4 for indicator viruses and bacteria, respectively. The system that effectively removed microbes was also efficient at removing nutrients. However, the poorest treatment system yielded substantially lower removals. The remarkable differences noted between the studied SFs highlights the importance of construction materials and the careful planning of the filters. Moreover, seasonal conditions appear to have a clear effect on purification efficiencies, emphasising the vulnerability of these systems especially in cold climates.

ACS Style

Ari Kauppinen; Kati Martikainen; Ville Matikka; Anna-Maria Veijalainen; Tarja Pitkänen; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski; Ilkka T. Miettinen. Sand filters for removal of microbes and nutrients from wastewater during a one-year pilot study in a cold temperate climate. Journal of Environmental Management 2014, 133, 206 -213.

AMA Style

Ari Kauppinen, Kati Martikainen, Ville Matikka, Anna-Maria Veijalainen, Tarja Pitkänen, Helvi Heinonen-Tanski, Ilkka T. Miettinen. Sand filters for removal of microbes and nutrients from wastewater during a one-year pilot study in a cold temperate climate. Journal of Environmental Management. 2014; 133 ():206-213.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ari Kauppinen; Kati Martikainen; Ville Matikka; Anna-Maria Veijalainen; Tarja Pitkänen; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski; Ilkka T. Miettinen. 2014. "Sand filters for removal of microbes and nutrients from wastewater during a one-year pilot study in a cold temperate climate." Journal of Environmental Management 133, no. : 206-213.

Evaluation study
Published: 19 October 2013 in Water Science and Technology
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The disinfection efficiency of performic acid (PFA) against various microbial contaminants has been studied in municipal secondary effluent. The study demonstrated that PFA provides rapid, efficient and safe disinfection, degrading both bacteria and viruses even at low doses. The resistance order starting from the most resistant microorganism is as follows: MS2-coliphages > DNA-coliphages > enterococci and Escherichia coli. PFA is also efficient in the elimination of Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens spores and Giardia cysts. The results showed that a PFA dose as low as 0.5–1 mg L–1 with contact time of 10 min was efficient in achieving and maintaining for 72 h the disinfection level required for unrestricted agricultural water reuse (≤3 log units for faecal coliforms). However, the optimal dose will depend on the quality of wastewater. Regarding the formation of by-products during disinfection with PFA, very low amounts of hydrogen peroxide and organic per-acids were observed; active oxygen was not detected. The amounts of adsorbable organically bound halogens (AOX) compounds formed were significantly lower compared to the amounts generated during chlorine disinfection. This chlorine-free solution enables compliance with microbiological criteria for various water reuse applications and is already on the market for advanced disinfection.

ACS Style

T. Karpova; P. Pekonen; R. Gramstad; U. Öjstedt; S. Laborda; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski; A. Chávez; B. Jiménez. Performic acid for advanced wastewater disinfection. Water Science and Technology 2013, 68, 2090 -2096.

AMA Style

T. Karpova, P. Pekonen, R. Gramstad, U. Öjstedt, S. Laborda, Helvi Heinonen-Tanski, A. Chávez, B. Jiménez. Performic acid for advanced wastewater disinfection. Water Science and Technology. 2013; 68 (9):2090-2096.

Chicago/Turabian Style

T. Karpova; P. Pekonen; R. Gramstad; U. Öjstedt; S. Laborda; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski; A. Chávez; B. Jiménez. 2013. "Performic acid for advanced wastewater disinfection." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 9: 2090-2096.

Journal article
Published: 31 July 2013 in Journal of Water and Health
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Wastewater is an important source of pathogenic enteric microorganisms in surface water and a major contaminating agent of drinking water. Although primary and secondary wastewater treatments reduce the numbers of microorganisms in wastewater, significant numbers of microbes can still be present in the effluent. The aim of this study was to test the feasibility of tertiary treatment for municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) using PIX (FeCl3) or PAX (AlCl3) coagulants and peracetic acid (PAA) the disinfectant to reduce microbial load in effluent. Our study showed that both PIX and PAX efficiently reduced microbial numbers. PAA disinfection greatly reduced the numbers of culturable indicator microorganisms (Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci, F-specific RNA coliphages and somatic DNA coliphages). In addition, pathogenic microorganisms, thermotolerant Campylobacter, Salmonella and norovirus GI, were successfully reduced using the tertiary treatments. In contrast, clostridia, Legionella, rotavirus, norovirus GII and adenovirus showed better resistance against PAA compared to the other microorganisms. However, interpretation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis results will need further studies to clarify the infectivity of the pathogenic microbes. In conclusion, PIX and PAX flocculants followed by PAA disinfectant can be used as a tertiary treatment for municipal WWTP effluents to reduce the numbers of indicator and pathogenic microorganisms.

ACS Style

Surendra K. Pradhan; Ari Kauppinen; Kati Martikainen; Tarja Pitkänen; Jaana Kusnetsov; Ilkka T. Miettinen; Matti Pessi; Hannu Poutiainen; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. Microbial reduction in wastewater treatment using Fe3+ and Al3+ coagulants and PAA disinfectant. Journal of Water and Health 2013, 11, 581 -589.

AMA Style

Surendra K. Pradhan, Ari Kauppinen, Kati Martikainen, Tarja Pitkänen, Jaana Kusnetsov, Ilkka T. Miettinen, Matti Pessi, Hannu Poutiainen, Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. Microbial reduction in wastewater treatment using Fe3+ and Al3+ coagulants and PAA disinfectant. Journal of Water and Health. 2013; 11 (4):581-589.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Surendra K. Pradhan; Ari Kauppinen; Kati Martikainen; Tarja Pitkänen; Jaana Kusnetsov; Ilkka T. Miettinen; Matti Pessi; Hannu Poutiainen; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. 2013. "Microbial reduction in wastewater treatment using Fe3+ and Al3+ coagulants and PAA disinfectant." Journal of Water and Health 11, no. 4: 581-589.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2013 in Water Science and Technology
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Mycobacterial pathogens can be excreted in human urine by some infected individuals. High numbers of pathogenic mycobacteria in the urine could represent a new transmission route for mycobacterial infections if the urine is used for crop fertilization. In this study, the survival of spiked Mycobacterium aurum and M. fortuitum as fast-growing mycobacteria and M. avium and M. bovis as slow-growing mycobacteria were tested in urine. The tests were conducted in fresh (<1 day old) and stored human urine (>6 months old) at temperatures of 15 and 30 °C. The results indicate that these mycobacterial strains survived less than 2 weeks in stored urine at 30 °C with a pH value of around 9.0. Mycobacteria had the longest survival time, up to 6 weeks, in fresh urine stored at 15 °C. There were negative correlations between the increase in pH and the number of spiked mycobacteria in urine. In conclusion, if human urine is to be used for fertilization, it is advisable to store it for more than 6 weeks at least at 15 °C in order to prevent survival and subsequent exposure to pathogenic mycobacteria.

ACS Style

Pedro Osagie Orumwense; Eila Torvinen; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. The survival of mycobacteria in pure human urine. Water Science and Technology 2013, 67, 1773 -1777.

AMA Style

Pedro Osagie Orumwense, Eila Torvinen, Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. The survival of mycobacteria in pure human urine. Water Science and Technology. 2013; 67 (8):1773-1777.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pedro Osagie Orumwense; Eila Torvinen; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. 2013. "The survival of mycobacteria in pure human urine." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 8: 1773-1777.

Books
Published: 28 March 2012 in Special Publications
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Waterborne infections are highly probable in cases when there are failures to prevent the faecal contamination of drinking water. The majority of such cases take place at relatively small groundwater abstraction plants utilizing minimal water treatment, and the source of contamination often remains unclear. The fast and reliable detection and confirmation of microbial drinking water safety is essential in the protection of public health and even a very low concentration of faecal bacteria needs to be detected. In a recent study, the hazards to the microbial safety of drinking water were estimated at small community water supplies in central Finland. The results showed that faecal indicator bacteria could be detected in 10 % of the groundwater samples originating from five water supply plants, all of them serving less than 250 consumers. The main on-site hazard identified to reduce water safety was insufficient protection against the influence of surface water indicated by a poor well construction and maintenance, an insufficient depth of the protective soil layer above the groundwater table or the possibility of uncontrolled river or lake bank infiltration. In the future, a multiple parameter microbial hazard identification with a wide set of indicators during an intensive sampling period might raise awareness of the possible health risks at small water supply plants. As a preventive measure, the upgrading of the water treatment processes, utilization of disinfection and systematic risk management at small groundwater supplies are recommended.

ACS Style

Tarja Pitkänen; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski; Marja-Liisa Hänninen; Ilkka T. Miettinen. Detection of Faecal Contamination in the Drinking Water of Small Community Water Supply Plants in Finland. Special Publications 2012, 145 -150.

AMA Style

Tarja Pitkänen, Helvi Heinonen-Tanski, Marja-Liisa Hänninen, Ilkka T. Miettinen. Detection of Faecal Contamination in the Drinking Water of Small Community Water Supply Plants in Finland. Special Publications. 2012; ():145-150.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tarja Pitkänen; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski; Marja-Liisa Hänninen; Ilkka T. Miettinen. 2012. "Detection of Faecal Contamination in the Drinking Water of Small Community Water Supply Plants in Finland." Special Publications , no. : 145-150.

Journal article
Published: 27 March 2012 in Letters in Applied Microbiology
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Aims: We evaluated risks associated with diaper changing in Finnish kindergartens where children were using either modern disposable paper or reusable cloth diapers. Methods and Results: We determined enteric micro‐organisms and ammonia in diaper‐changing rooms in four kindergartens in autumn and winter in the ambient air. No coliphages were detected in the air. The numbers of faecal coliforms and enterococci in air were typically low regardless of whether the children used either paper or cloth diapers. Ammonia concentrations increased over the background level because of diaper changing. Conclusions: The numbers of bacteria or coliphages are not expected to pose any high air hygiene risks, and increased ammonia air concentrations are unlikely to impair the health of staff or children when diapers are changed in modern kindergartens. However, increased ammonia gas concentrations indicate that some other diaper‐related gas‐phase emissions should be studied to understand better diaper‐related health risks. Significance and Impact of the Study: Modern reusable cloth baby diapers and the modern paper baby diapers used in this study are equally safe with respect to risks from airborne virus, bacteria or ammonia.

ACS Style

P.E. Vaattovaara; M. Kivimäenpää; P. Pasanen; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. Airborne enteric micro-organisms and ammonia levels in diaper-changing rooms in kindergartens. Letters in Applied Microbiology 2012, 54, 462 -467.

AMA Style

P.E. Vaattovaara, M. Kivimäenpää, P. Pasanen, Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. Airborne enteric micro-organisms and ammonia levels in diaper-changing rooms in kindergartens. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 2012; 54 (5):462-467.

Chicago/Turabian Style

P.E. Vaattovaara; M. Kivimäenpää; P. Pasanen; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. 2012. "Airborne enteric micro-organisms and ammonia levels in diaper-changing rooms in kindergartens." Letters in Applied Microbiology 54, no. 5: 462-467.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2012 in Environmental Technology
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A short-term thermophilic treatment was conducted in order to study the survival of micro-organisms in slurry derived from a cattle farm, at temperatures of 58, 63 and 68°C for 6 h. The second trial was a biogas production experiment with an anaerobic mesophilic first stage and a thermophilic second stage. The mesophilic treatment was at 38°C and the second stage was conducted at 55, 58 or 65°C. The results of first trial showed that survival of micro-organisms was decreased remarkably at higher temperatures in spite of the fact that during the experiment part of slurry was replaced with fresh slurry. Meanwhile, the second trial showed that optimum production of biogas was at 55°C while the best result for hygienic control was achieved at 65°C.

ACS Style

Mohammed Mohaibes; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. Effect of temperature on survival of micro-organisms and performance of anaerobic two-stage reactors treating cattle slurry. Environmental Technology 2012, 33, 573 -578.

AMA Style

Mohammed Mohaibes, Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. Effect of temperature on survival of micro-organisms and performance of anaerobic two-stage reactors treating cattle slurry. Environmental Technology. 2012; 33 (5):573-578.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammed Mohaibes; Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. 2012. "Effect of temperature on survival of micro-organisms and performance of anaerobic two-stage reactors treating cattle slurry." Environmental Technology 33, no. 5: 573-578.