Accumulating evidence suggests that anxiety sensitivity (fear of arousal-related sensations) plays an important role in many clinical conditions, particularly anxiety disorders. Research has increasingly focused on how the basic dimensions of anxiety sensitivity are related to various forms of psychopathology. Such work has been hampered because the original measure--the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI)--was not designed to be multidimensional. Subsequently developed multidimensional measures have unstable factor structures or measure only a subset of the most widely replicated factors. Therefore, the authors developed, via factor analysis of responses from U.S. and Canadian nonclinical participants (n=2,361), an 18-item measure, the ASI-3, which assesses the 3 factors best replicated in previous research: Physical, Cognitive, and Social Concerns. Factorial validity of the ASI-3 was supported by confirmatory factor analyses of 6 replication samples, including nonclinical samples from the United States and Canada, France, Mexico, the Netherlands, and Spain (n=4,494) and a clinical sample from the United States and Canada (n=390). The ASI-3 displayed generally good performance on other indices of reliability and validity, along with evidence of improved psychometric properties over the original ASI.

Significance: Pathogens, and antipathogen behavioral strategies, affect myriad aspects of human behavior. Recent findings suggest that antipathogen strategies relate to political attitudes, with more ideologically conservative individuals reporting more disgust toward pathogen cues, and with higher parasite stress nations being, on average, more conservative. However, no research has yet adjudicated between two theoretical accounts proposed to explain these relationships between pathogens and politics. We find that national parasite stress and individual disgust sensitivity relate more strongly to adherence to traditional norms than they relate to support for barriers between social groups. These results suggest that the relationship between pathogens and politics reflects intragroup motivations more than intergroup motivations.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been spreading rapidly in Spain. The objective of this work was to examine the psychological impact of the pandemic and the Spanish national quarantine that took place during March and April 2020. We investigated the prevalence of fear of coronavirus, emotional symptoms and sleep problems. We also examined possible positive effects. A sample of 1,161 participants (aged 19 to 84 years) completed online the Coronavirus Psychological Impact Questionnaire, the Intolerance to Uncertainty Scale–12, and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Results indicated that the most common fears pertain to the domains of contagion/disease/death, social isolation, and employment/income issues. We found high levels of emotional impact reflected in fear of coronavirus, sleep problems, and emotional symptoms (preoccupation, distress, hopelessness, depression, anxiety, nervousness, and restlessness). Regression analyses revealed that intolerance to uncertainty and social media exposure are strong predictors of the impact. We also found some effects of the COVID-19 quarantine favoring positive personal experiences. A new self-report instrument to assess psychological impact of coronavirus is provided. Keywords: COVID-19; coronavirus; anxiety; depression; distress; sleep problems; intolerance to uncertainty; media exposure; positive effects.Impacto psicológico de la pandemia de COVID-19: Efectos negativos y positivos en población española asociados al periodo de confinamiento nacionalResumen: La pandemia COVID-19 se ha extendido rápidamente en España. El objetivo del estudio fue examinar el impacto psicológico de la pandemia y el confinamiento nacional vivido en España durante los meses de marzo y abril de 2020. Se investigó la prevalencia del miedo al coronavirus, los síntomas emocionales, y los problemas de sueño. También examinamos los posibles efectos positivos. Una muestra de 1.161 participantes (edad: 19-84 años) cumplimentó online el Cuestionario de Impacto Psicológico del Coronavirus, la Escala de Intolerancia a la Incertidumbre –12, y las escalas PANAS de afecto positivo y negativo. Los resultados indican que los miedos más comunes corresponden a las categorías de contagio/enfermedad/muerte, aislamiento social, y problemas de trabajo/ingresos. Encontramos niveles elevados de impacto emocional reflejado en los miedos al coronavirus, problemas de sueño, y síntomas emocionales (preocupación, estrés, desesperanza, depresión, ansiedad, nerviosismo, e inquietud). La intolerancia a la incertidumbre y la exposición a los medios de comunicación son poderosos predictores del impacto. También encontramos que el confinamiento favorecía algunas experiencias personales positivas. Se aporta un nuevo instrumento de autoinforme para la evaluación del impacto psicológico del coronavirus.Palabras clave: COVID-19; coronavirus; ansiedad; depresión; distrés; problemas de sueño; intolerancia a la incertidumbre; medios de comunicación; efectos positivos.

We reported our findings on the development and preliminary validation of a Spanish-language measure of positive and negative affect. Using confirmatory factor analytic techniques on data generated by 708 women in northern Spain, we obtained reasonable construct validity and reliability data for the measure. Consistent with past cross-cultural studies, a two-factor Positive Affect—Negative Affect (PA—NA)structure emerged, with PA and NA as relatively independent entities. The structure in this sample converged with that reported for a culturally separate group of participants. This factor structure has therefore revealed invariance across a number of cultural groups in Asia, Europe, and North America.