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Soil contamination by mine wastes is an enormous challenge for both mining companies and competent authorities. Mine wastes are usually considered a major source of impacts on human health and the environment. Thus, the prevailing strategy is to reduce or completely remove the contaminants of concern through appropriate in situ or ex situ remediation techniques. Nonetheless, today’s mine waste may become tomorrow’s ore. In order to keep this option open, however, several things need to change in the concept and practice of mine waste management. This paper presents a case study from Greece, where mine waste (mainly metallurgical slags) have been disposed of, posing excess risks to human health and the environment. Complete restoration of the site would not only be cost-prohibitive but would also eliminate any possibility of future exploitation of contained resources. Considering both the protection of human health and the environment and the storage of waste for future use, a risk assessment and management approach was adopted that allowed the selection of cost-effective measures in order to: eliminate health hazards, re-use the site for recreational purposes, and secure the opportunity for resource recovery in the future.
Theodora Karachaliou; Vasileios Protonotarios; Dimitris Kaliampakos; Maria Menegaki. Using Risk Assessment and Management Approaches to Develop Cost-Effective and Sustainable Mine Waste Management Strategies. Recycling 2016, 1, 328 -342.
AMA StyleTheodora Karachaliou, Vasileios Protonotarios, Dimitris Kaliampakos, Maria Menegaki. Using Risk Assessment and Management Approaches to Develop Cost-Effective and Sustainable Mine Waste Management Strategies. Recycling. 2016; 1 (3):328-342.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTheodora Karachaliou; Vasileios Protonotarios; Dimitris Kaliampakos; Maria Menegaki. 2016. "Using Risk Assessment and Management Approaches to Develop Cost-Effective and Sustainable Mine Waste Management Strategies." Recycling 1, no. 3: 328-342.
Contaminated land is a major problem. The remediation cost of brownfields in Europe and the USA exceeds 550 billion €; however, rehabilitation is on a slow pace. It is estimated that the money spent so far correspond to just 5% of the required one to eliminate the problem. The high cost of remediation, along with the inefficiency of the available funds, gives rise to a need for a method to effectively allocate remediation funds. Risk assessment is often used to prioritize the rehabilitation of contaminated sites. Cost–benefit analysis, by means of environmental economics, is another step in the right direction. Optimum Remediation Funds Allocation method (ORFA), the new method presented in this paper, goes beyond that. Instead of simply deciding which sites should be cleaned up or not, the optimum remediation level is determined in each case in terms of the 3-D geographical boundaries of the soil mass that should be remediated. The method is based on the idea of considering contaminated soil as a “negative ore,” with an economic value that can be estimated using environmental economic methods. This approach enables the use of a sophisticated pit optimization software widely applied in mining like Minemax Planner, which is based on the push–relabel algorithm. ORFA can guide remediation starting from the soil blocks which are the most profitable for the society until the point that remediation produces no more social profit. The validation of the method is presented in the remediation project of the Lavrion Technological and Cultural Park (LTCP) case, Greece, one of the most heavily contaminated sites worldwide. ORFA achieved 99.4% remediation with a cost reduction of 17%. This means that, if remediation plans are guided by ORFA, for every five sites, as contaminated as LTCP, almost one site can be cleaned up for free. If the sites under remediation are less polluted, then ORFA can achieve even better results, saving money to clean up more sites. ORFA succeeds in determining the socially optimum remediation level that produces the maximum net economic value. Alternatively, it gives the best remediation scheme under specific budget constraints. Ultimately, ORFA’s main contribution is that it can cause radical changes in the way we think and moreover realize rehabilitation of contaminated land.
Theodora Karachaliou; Dimitris Kaliampakos. ORFA: introducing a method for maximizing social profit from soil remediation funds. Journal of Soils and Sediments 2010, 11, 260 -270.
AMA StyleTheodora Karachaliou, Dimitris Kaliampakos. ORFA: introducing a method for maximizing social profit from soil remediation funds. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 2010; 11 (2):260-270.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTheodora Karachaliou; Dimitris Kaliampakos. 2010. "ORFA: introducing a method for maximizing social profit from soil remediation funds." Journal of Soils and Sediments 11, no. 2: 260-270.