Atomistic mechanisms of hydrogen-induced cracking along a bcc Fe Σ3(111) symmetrical tilt grain boundary (GB) have been studied by first-principles calculations. The mobile and immobile effects of hydrogen on the GB decohesion are analyzed by calculating the dependence of hydrogen segregation energy on the coverage relevant to the repulsive interaction among segregated hydrogen atoms at the GB and on its fracture surfaces, together with generalizing McLean's formula. It was found that the segregation of combined mobile and immobile hydrogen atoms from the bulk and/or GB on the fracture surfaces causes much stronger reduction (70–80%) in the GB cohesive energy. It can occur even at a very low bulk hydrogen content of about 10⁻⁹ atomic fraction during slow cracking. This is in contrast to only 10–20% decohesion induced by immobile hydrogen at much higher hydrogen content during fast cracking. The mobile effect of hydrogen, giving rise to a profound reduction in the GB cohesive energy, is a key factor controlling the mechanism of hydrogen-induced GB cracking.

When boiling occurs in a liquid flow field, the phenomenon is known as forced-convection boiling. We numerically investigate such a boiling system on a cylinder in a flow at saturated conditions. To deal with the complicated liquid–vapor phase-change phenomenon, we develop a numerical scheme based on the pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The collision stage is performed in the space of central moments (CMs) to enhance numerical stability for high Reynolds numbers. The adopted forcing scheme, consistent with the CM-based LBM, leads to a concise yet robust algorithm. Furthermore, additional terms required to ensure thermodynamic consistency are derived in a CM framework. The effectiveness of the present scheme is successfully tested against a series of boiling processes, including nucleation, growth, and departure of a vapor bubble for Reynolds numbers varying between 30 and 30 000. Our CM-based LBM can reproduce all the boiling regimes, i.e., nucleate boiling, transition boiling, and film boiling, without any artificial input such as initial vapor phase. We find that the typical boiling curve, also known as the Nukiyama curve, appears even though the focused system is not the pool boiling but the forced-convection system. Also, our simulations support experimental observations of intermittent direct solid–liquid contact even in the film-boiling regime. Finally, we provide quantitative comparison with the semi-empirical correlations for the forced-convection film boiling on a cylinder on the Nu-Ja diagram.