Most mental disorders appear by age 14, but in most cases, they remain undiagnosed and untreated well into adulthood. A scoping review showed an absence of systematic reviews that address prevalence rates of mental disorders among children and adolescents in Europe that are based on community studies conducted between 2015 and 2020. To estimate the updated pooled prevalence of Anxiety Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Conduct Disorder (CD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Autism Spectrum Disorder, Eating Disorders, Substance Use Disorders (SUD), among children and adolescents living in Europe, a search strategy was conducted using MEDLINE, Embase and Psych Info and studies were also identified from reference lists and gray literature. Eligible studies were evaluated for reliability, validity, and bias. Trends of prevalence rates for each mental disorder were calculated. Almost one in five young people in Europe were found to suffer from a mental disorder, with a pooled prevalence rate of 15.5%. Anxiety disorders had the highest pooled prevalence rate (7.9% (95% CI 5.1–11.8%, I²: 98.0%)), followed by ADHD (2.9% (95% CI 1.2–6.9%, I² = 94.3%)), ODD (1.9% (95% CI 1.0–3.7%, I² = 98.4%)), depressive disorder (1.7% (95% CI 1.0–2.9%, I² = 97.7%)), CD (1.5% (95% CI 0.6–3.8%, I² = 98.8%)) and ASD (1.4% (95% CI 0.4–5.4%, I² = 99.7%). No studies on SUD were identified. The mental health of children and adolescents may be improved by introducing routine screening, refining diagnostic sensitivity, raising awareness of mental disorders, minimizing stigma and socioeconomic inequality, as well as developing early intervention services. These facilitators of good mental health need to be prioritized, especially at a time of unprecedented risk factors for poor mental health.

Background and methodology Men9s and women9s attitudes towards the male contraceptive pill and their trust in the effective use of the male pill were investigated, as well as the associated variables of reported health behaviours, perceived self-efficacy and type of sexual relationship, using a questionnaire survey. Results Although both sexes had a favourable attitude towards the male pill, females had a more positive attitude than men. Conversely, women had less trust that men would use the male pill effectively. Males in stable sexual relationships were more positive about the male pill than those in casual sexual relationships. Gender, relationship type and trust in the effective use of the male pill reliably predicted attitude towards the male pill. High perceived self-efficacy was related to engaging in more health behaviours, and in men a positive association between health behaviours and attitude towards the male pill has been found. Discussion and conclusions A positive attitude towards the male pill does not automatically imply that the individual is confident about its effective use. Once the male pill is widely available, promotional campaigns could target not only men but also their female partners, as the latter tend to come into contact with health services more frequently. In order to increase confidence in effective implementation, a variety of presentations of the male pill should be made available in line with individual needs and lifestyles.

Introduction: Peer supporters are a valuable asset to mental health and support services, but their own mental health needs are often overlooked in research and practice. This study explored peer supporters' perceived challenges of maintaining their mental health and emotional wellbeing and co‐produced training needs.Methods: A qualitative approach was used to explore factors affecting peer supporters' mental health and emotional wellbeing. Semi‐structured interviews and focus groups were conducted online with 11 peer supporters across North East England.Results: A thematic analysis identified: ‘Lack of training and support’, ‘Role ambiguity’ and ‘Emotional labour’ as challenges experienced by peer supporters in relation to maintaining their mental health and emotional wellbeing. Peer supporters' own lived experiences had the potential to act as a barrier towards providing support to others. Conflict with peer ‘supportees’ sometimes negatively impacted on the peer supporter experience. Participant responses emphasised a need for person‐centred, co‐produced training.Conclusion: This work highlights the need for targeted training for peer supporters, including both role‐specific education and strategies to support their mental health and emotional wellbeing.Patient or Public Contribution: Participants were contacted and asked to provide feedback on finalised themes to ensure the analysis was congruent with their experiences, further enabling the future development of an emotional wellbeing training programme for peer supporters.

Background: Improving health literacy has been found to play a significant role in enhancing medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes. Purpose: The present study aims to evaluate health literacy and its association with medication adherence among diabetic patients in Jordan. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 400 diabetic patients, predominantly female (68.8%), with a median age of 58 years, attending the endocrinology outpatient clinic at Albasheer Hospital in Amman, Jordan, between August and December 2023. Patients were recruited using convenience sampling, including those aged 18 and older, literate, diagnosed with T2DM for at least one year, and on at least one medication for T2DM. Sample size was calculated based on the Events Per Variable (EPV) criterion to ensure sufficient power for logistic regression analysis. Data were collected using two validated instruments: the Jordanian Diabetic Health Literacy Questionnaire (JDHLQ), assessing health literacy, and the Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS-5), measuring medication adherence. A binary logistic regression model was constructed to identify variables associated with adherence levels. Results: The study enrolled 400 diabetic patients (females =68.8%). While most of the participants (70.3%) reported high adherence levels, results revealed a window for health literacy improvement as the median for the JDHLQ score was 22 (ranging from 18 to 25) out of a maximum possible score of 32. More than half of the participants replied “never” to “I forget to take my medications”, followed by “I stop taking my medications for a while”. Conclusion: The binary regression model revealed that a higher JDHLQ score significantly increased the odds of a high adherence level. The significant association between improved health literacy and medication adherence necessitates the implementation of educational campaigns for enhancing literacy and hence medication adherence among patients with type 2 diabetes.