Background: Recent data suggest that epicardial left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) is associated with several short-term neurohormonal effects. However, the long-term effects are currently unknown. Objective: To investigate the effects of percutaneous epicardial left atial appendage (LAA) exclusion using LARIAT on neurohormonal profiles at long-term follow-up. Methods: In a prospective single centre study, 60 patients with long-standing, persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) LARIAT were treated. The major hormones of the adrenergic system, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and natriuretic peptides were assessed before the intervention and at regular intervals during the following two years. Results: In patients with epicardial LAAC, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) levels were significantly increased from baseline at 24 h and decreased at 7 days, 1 month, and 3 months, while remaining unchanged at 12 and 24 months. Noradrenaline levels were significantly lower at 24 h, 7 days, 1 month, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months, while epinephrine levels decreased significantly at 1 month, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months. Plasma renin activity significantly decreased at 7 days, 1 month, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months, while aldosterone levels significantly decreased at 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months. Endothelin-1 and vasopressin showed a significant increase and decrease, respectively, at 24 h, 7 days, 1 month, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months. There was also a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after the intervention. Conclusions: Epicardial LAAC in AF patients is associated with persistent neurohormonal changes favouring blood pressure reduction.

Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is a condition that involves the narrowing of one or both renal arteries, most commonly caused by either atherosclerosis or fibroplasia. RAS can present in a multitude of clinical manifestations involving hypertension (HTN), heart failure, and renal failure. Current recommendations for treating patients with RAS involve strict medical therapy often without invasive therapies. However, in more complicated patients with RAS, recent clinical studies and guidelines have offered varying recommendations, which has presented challenges in managing these cases. This review aims to summarize current evidence to best evaluate which patients with RAS may benefit from renal artery revascularization as opposed to medical therapy alone.