One hundred and fifty Russian and foreign winter common wheat varieties were examined by the PAGE method. A total of 70 alleles were identified at six gliadin-coding loci. It was demonstrated that...

Recent advances in genetics and genetic research methods made it possible to explain the large polymorphism observed among storage proteins of wheat grain (gliadins and glutenins), to determine their...

The alleles of gliadin-coding loci have been identified in 105 spring common wheat cultivars bred in Omsk and Saratov by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It has been shown that 49% of the Omsk cultivars and 40% of the Saratov cultivars are heterogeneous, i.e., composed of several biotypes that differ in alleles of the gliadin-coding loci. A total of 278 genotypes have been determined (170 in the Saratov cultivars and 112 in the Omsk cultivars); in these two groups of cultivars, four genotypes are identical. Due to this heterogeneity, the cultivars bred in Omsk and Saratov can be differentiated in a statistically significant manner despite their close kinship, which allows them to be ascribed an accession to a particular breeding center based on the gliadin pattern and the number or frequency of biotypes, as well as to determine its species affiliation with a 95% probability. Close relations prevent 5% of the Saratov cultivars and 4.4% of the Omsk cultivars from being distinguished within populations, since they have identical alleles of gliadin-coding loci.

In a period of considerable climate and environmental changes, and constant population growth, new effective approaches to wheat breeding are required, in particular, thorough the study of genetic and genomic diversity, as well as the origin and migration routes of species genetically close to bread wheat, which could be donors of genes that control economically important traits. These species include cultivated emmer Triticum dicoccum (Schrank) Schübl. with A and B subgenomes (2n = 28), similar to the corresponding subgenomes of hexaploid bread wheat. The review examines the issues of genetic and genomic diversity of cultivated emmer, its domestication, and distribution routes. The characteristics of some T. dicoccum genes introduced into bread and durum wheat, or promising for further use in breeding programs, are discussed.