Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients are at a higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Mounting evidence suggests the emerging important role of circadian rhythms in many diseases. Circadian rhythm disruption is considered to contribute to both T2DM and AD. Here, we review the relationship among circadian rhythm disruption, T2DM and AD, and suggest that the occurrence and progression of T2DM and AD may in part be associated with circadian disruption. Then, we summarize the promising therapeutic strategies targeting circadian dysfunction for T2DM and AD, including pharmacological treatment such as melatonin, orexin, and circadian molecules, as well as non-pharmacological treatments like light therapy, feeding behavior, and exercise.

Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects many people, with both its incidence and prevalence rising globally. Diabetes can lead to various complications, among which cognitive impairment in diabetic patients significantly impacts their daily life and blood glucose management, complicating treatment and worsening prognosis. Therefore, the early diagnosis and treatment of cognitive impairment are essential to ensure the health of diabetic patients. However, there is currently no widely accepted and effective method for the early diagnosis of diabetes-related cognitive impairment. This review aims to summarize potential screening and diagnostic methods, as well as biomarkers, for cognitive impairment in diabetes, including retinal structure and function examination, brain imaging, and peripheral blood biomarkers, providing valuable information and support for clinical decision making and future research.

Background: Hyperglycemia is common and hard to control in surgical patients with diabetes. We retrospectively investigated short-term effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in perioperative patients with diabetes. Patients and Methods: Perioperative patients with diabetes discharged between January 1, 2006 and January 1, 2012 were included. Glucose control and postoperative outcomes were compared between the patients using CSII or non-CSII insulin therapy. Results: We identified 108 pairs of patients matched by propensity and surgical category who were using CSII therapy (CSII group) or non-CSII insulin therapy (control group). The CSII group had significantly lower fasting glucose levels (on the first postoperative day, 9.06±3.09 mmol/L vs. 11.05±4.19 mmol/L; P =0.003) and lower mean glucose levels (on the operation day, 9.93±2.65 mmol/L vs. 12.05±3.86 mmol/L; P =0.001). The CSII group also had a lower incidence of fever (on the first postoperative day, 30.4% vs. 53.2%; P =0.005). Furthermore, patients in the CSII group experienced significantly shorter postoperative intervals for suture removal ( P =0.02) and hospital discharge ( P =0.03). No significant difference in the total medical expenditure was observed between the two groups ( P =0.47). We also made a comparison between the 30 pairs of patients who were using CSII or multiple daily insulin injection therapy but observed no significant difference between these two therapies in glucose control or postoperative outcomes. Conclusions: Compared with non-CSII insulin therapy, even short-term implementation of CSII can improve the postoperative control of glucose, reduce the incidence of postoperative fever, and shorten the time for suture removal and discharge in surgical patients with diabetes.

Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE5-i) have been widely used in clinical practice for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). However, due to its suboptimal therapeutic effects and side effects, it is necessary to develop new medicines for ED treatment. Botanical drugs have been widely investigated as potential ED treatment drugs and have shown promising therapeutic effects. This review summarized 34 studies, including five botanical drugs with PDE5 inhibitory activity, seven botanical drugs without PDE5 inhibitory activity, and six mixed botanical drugs. The results of clinical studies regarding the aforementioned botanical drugs and relevant mechanisms are summarized in this study. It is necessary to conduct high-quality clinical trials to verify the dosage, targeted patients and therapeutic effects, and further pharmacology experiments are also needed to identify the active compounds.

To evaluate the secretory function of adrenal incidentaloma, this study explored the usefulness of a contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT)-based radiomics model for distinguishing aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) from non-functioning adrenal adenoma (NAA). Overall, 68 APA and 60 NAA patients were randomly assigned (8:2 ratio) to either a training or a test cohort. In the training cohort, univariate and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analyses were conducted to select the significant features. A logistic regression machine learning (ML) model was then constructed based on the radiomics score and clinical features. Model effectiveness was evaluated according to the receiver operating characteristic, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, F1 score, calibration plots, and decision curve analysis. In the test cohort, the area under the curve (AUC) of the Radscore model was 0.869 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.734–1.000], and the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and F1 score were 0.731, 1.000, 0.583, and 0.900, respectively. The Clinic–Radscore model had an AUC of 0.994 [95% CI, 0.978–1.000], and the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and F1 score values were 0.962, 0.929, 1.000, and 0.931, respectively. In conclusion, the CECT-based radiomics and clinical radiomics ML model exhibited good diagnostic efficacy in differentiating APAs from NAAs; this non-invasive, cost-effective, and efficient method is important for the management of adrenal incidentaloma.