As an important cyber-physical system (CPS), smart grid is highly vulnerable to cyber attacks. Amongst various types of attacks, false data injection attack (FDIA) proves to be one of the top-priority cyber-related issues and has received increasing attention in recent years. However, so far little attention has been paid to privacy preservation issues in the detection of FDIAs in smart grids. Inspired by federated learning, a FDIA detection method based on secure federated deep learning is proposed in this paper by combining Transformer, federated learning and Paillier cryptosystem. The Transformer, as a detector deployed in edge nodes, delves deep into the connection between individual electrical quantities by using its multi-head self-attention mechanism. By using federated learning framework, our approach utilizes the data from all nodes to collaboratively train a detection model while preserving data privacy by keeping the data locally during training. To improve the security of federated learning, a secure federated learning scheme is designed by combing Paillier cryptosystem with federated learning. Through extensive experiments on the IEEE 14-bus and 118-bus test systems, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method are verified.

In this paper, a distributed robust energy management scheme for multiple interconnected microgrids (MGs) is developed. It aims to optimize the total operational cost of the MGs through energy trading with neighboring MGs and the main grid in the real-time energy market. Various uncertainties including renewable generation, load consumption, and buying/selling prices of the main grid are handled using an adjustable robust optimization technique. To keep consistent with the distributed nature of the multiple MGs, we propose a distributed adjustable robust optimal scheduling algorithm (DAROSA) to solve the energy management problem. Via distributed communication of non-critical information with the neighboring MGs, each MG energy management system optimizes its own energy selling price and operation schedule to minimize its worst-case operational cost under a certain robustness level. Robust optimal scheduling and fair energy trading can be collectively achieved. A case study of a 4-MG system is conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

With the increasing penetration of renewable energy and flexible loads in smart grids, a more complicated power system with high uncertainty is gradually formed, which brings about great challenges to smart grid operations. Traditional optimization methods usually require accurate mathematical models and parameters and cannot deal well with the growing complexity and uncertainty. Fortunately, the widespread popularity of advanced meters makes it possible for smart grid to collect massive data, which offers opportunities for data-driven artificial intelligence methods to address the optimal operation and control issues. Therein, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has attracted extensive attention for its excellent performance in operation problems with high uncertainty. To this end, this article presents a comprehensive literature survey on DRL and its applications in smart grid operations. First, a detailed overview of DRL, from fundamental concepts to advanced models, is conducted in this article. Afterward, we review various DRL techniques as well as their extensions developed to cope with emerging issues in the smart grid, including optimal dispatch, operational control, electricity market, and other emerging areas. In addition, an application-oriented survey of DRL in smart grid is presented to identify difficulties for future research. Finally, essential challenges, potential solutions, and future research directions concerning the DRL applications in smart grid are also discussed.

Microgrid (MG) represents one of major drives of adopting Internet of Things for smart cities, as it effectively integrates various distributed energy resources. Indeed, MGs can be connected with each other and presented as a system of multimicrogrid (MMG). This paper proposes the optimal operation of MMGs by a cooperative energy and reserve scheduling model, in which energy and reserve can be cooperatively utilized among MMGs. In addition, values of Shapely are introduced to allocate economic benefits of the cooperative operation. Finally, a case study based on a system of MMGs is conducted, and simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed cooperative scheduling model.

This paper presents a model of multi-objective optimal dispatch of microgrid (MODMG) under uncertainties via the interval optimization (IO) approach. In this model, multiple objectives are optimized simultaneously to meet economics, power quality, and security requirements of microgrid (MG) operations. Moreover, in order to adequately consider uncertain power outputs of wind turbines and photovoltaic cells in an MG, they are presented as interval variables. In turn, the MODMG model under uncertainties is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem via the IO approach, which is then solved by the optimization algorithm of chaotic group search optimizer with multiple producers (CGSOMP). Simulation studies based on a modified IEEE 112-bus MG verify the effectiveness of the proposed optimal dispatch model and the CGSOMP algorithm.