This work presents a parametric-solver algorithm for estimating atmospheric stability and friction velocity from floating Doppler wind lidar (FDWL) observations close to the mast of IJmuiden in the North Sea. The focus of the study was two-fold: (i) to examine the sensitivity of the computational algorithm to the retrieved variables and derived stability classes (the latter through confusion-matrix theory), and (ii) to present data screening procedures for FDWLs and fixed reference instrumentation. The performance of the stability estimation algorithm was assessed with reference to wind speed and temperature observations from the mast. A fixed-to-mast Doppler wind lidar (DWL) was also available, which provides a reference for wind-speed observations free from sea-motion perturbations. When comparing FDWL- and mast-derived mean wind speeds, the obtained determination coefficient was as high as that of the fixed-to-mast DWL against the mast (${\rho }^2=0.996$) with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.25 m/s. From the 82-day measurement campaign at IJmuiden (10,833 10 min records), the parametric algorithm showed that the atmosphere was neutral (31% of the cases), stable (28%), or near-neutral stable (19%) during most of the campaign. These figures satisfactorily agree with values estimated from the mast measurements ($31\%$, $27\%$, and $19\%$, respectively).

Mediterranean ports feature complex layouts and exert important environmental pressures in squeezed coastal zones. They experience mild meteo-oceanographic conditions during part of the year, leading to water velocities that are close to the resolution limits of observation equipment. The paper addresses the challenge of characterising summer port hydrodynamics by designing intensive field campaigns, focused on hydrodynamic variables, such as harbour entrance fluxes. The approach was developed for three Spanish microtidal harbours with different domain sizes and one or two entrances. These elements play a key role in harbour exchanges through the entrance and the subsequent water renovation. The paper will present and discuss the meteocean data and inferred variables, such as renovation times, which is a key indicator of water quality. From this basis, the paper will discuss the changing estuarine circulation patterns and the role of upwelling and downwelling on observed water temperature peaks. The conclusions will address the role of harbour hydrodynamics in integrated coastal water quality and port engineering, particularly for ports’ environmental impacts on adjacent beaches. To assess the full hydrodynamic domain, forecasting models are helpful. The continuous observations presented in this work would also help in the implementation and validation of these models.

The Mediterranean coast is known for its great tourist attractions, concentration of population, and economic activities. Specifically, in the autonomous regions like Catalonia and Valencia, more than half of the population lives in coastal counties, and the population during the summer months increases due to the influx of tourists. Furthermore, in this stretch of coast, there are some areas of natural interest such as the Delta del Ebro or the Albufera, which are two of the most important wetland areas in the Mediterranean. However, according to studies by Day Today, the retreat of the coastline has increased in recent years, and this influences management of coastal territory both directly and indirectly, mostly harming all sectors with low levels, creating spaces with significant problems. It is for this reason that reporting on climate change and the impact on the coasts is assuming an important role in society, because they are essential tools for planning and management costs. In this thesis, the ground that would be affected by a +1 m, +2 m, and +3 m increase in average sea level, as simulated by the existing flood simulator, has been quantified. And a methodology has been developed for determining the vulnerability of the land based on flooding provided by terrain elevations, and each area studied was evaluated with different degrees of vulnerability: very high, high, moderate, or low. Finally, a first estimate has been made of economic loss that could involve a meter rise in the average sea level for Catalan beaches, and major damage to natural parks, urban areas, and major infrastructure has been identified. This study shows that there are nine areas with high vulnerability due to the low heights of their territory, and the majority of the flooded land is concentrated in the Ebro Delta and the Albufera, which jointly dominate the totals across scenarios.

The Mediterranean coast is known for its great tourist attractions, concentration of popu-lation, and economic activities. Specifically, in the autonomous regions like Catalonia and Valencia, more than half of the population lives in coastal counties, population during the summer months increases due to the influx of tourists. Furthermore, in this stretch of coast, there are some areas of natural interest such as the Delta del Ebro or the Albufera, which are two of the most important wetland areas in the Mediterranean. However, ac-cording to studies by Day Today, the retreat of the coastline has increased in recent years, and this influences management of coastal territory both directly and indirectly, mostly harming all sectors with low levels, creating spaces with significant problems. It is for this reason that reporting on climate change and the impact on the coasts is assuming an im-portant role in society, because they are essential tools for planning and management costs. In this thesis, the ground that would be affected by a +1 m, +2 m, and +3 m increase in average sea level, as simulated by the existing flood simulator, has been quantified. And, it has developed a methodology for determining the vulnerability of the land based on flooding provided by terrain elevations, and each area studied was evaluated with dif-ferent degrees of vulnerability: very high, high, moderate, or low. Finally, it has made a first estimate of economic loss that could involve a meter rise in the average sea level for Catalan beaches and has identified major damage to natural parks, urban areas, and ma-jor infrastructure. This study shows that there are 9 areas with high vulnerability due to the low heights of their territory, and half the land that would be affected corresponds to the Ebro Delta and Albufera.

This study examines the impact of climate change on wave overtopping discharge (q) at eight Moroccan Mediterranean ports, under climate scenarios SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5, projected to the year 2100. To address inter-model variability and better represent future conditions, wave data from four different models were used. The analysis considers three return periods—1, 5, and 25 years—and includes both central estimates and values from the 90% confidence intervals to assess uncertainty from sea level rise (SLR) and wave projections. Results show that overtopping discharges increase with return period, along with the number of ports affected. At 1 year, two ports exceed tolerable thresholds; at 5 years, three ports are impacted; and at 25 years, nearly all ports face overtopping risks. When varying SLR while holding wave height (Hs) constant, discharge variations remain within one order of magnitude. However, when varying Hs with constant SLR, variations span two to three orders of magnitude. These results suggest that accurate Hs projections are more critical than SLR in estimating overtopping risk, emphasizing the need to reduce wave forecast uncertainty to support climate adaptation strategies.

Coastal ecosystems are becoming less resilient under climate (e.g., sea-level rise, warming, acidification) and human (e.g., urbanization, coastal hardening, and river regulation) pressures, forcing local communities to face increasing risk levels. This lack of resilience is linked to an adaptation deficit that can be recovered through restoration. Yet, restoration faces barriers related to governance, funding, technical practice, and social context. To overcome such barriers, the REST-COAST project has developed a framework that reckons with coastal restoration platforms and restoration agreements, supported by “enablers” that support the upscaling and implementation of restoration projects. The proposed agreements and platforms can effectively overcome barriers by embedding governance, technical, financial, and social enablers into the agreements among stakeholders. Tailored, place-based approaches foster collaboration, long-term adaptive management, and the scaling of restoration to address accelerating climate-driven risks. The proposed agreements build on hands-on restoration lessons, offering transferable insights for global coastal resilience.