Based on the origin, we can classify different types of stress. Environmental factors, such as high light intensity, adverse temperature, drought, or soil salinity, are summarized as abiotic stresses and discriminated from biotic stresses that are exerted by pathogens and herbivores, for instance. It was an unexpected observation that overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a common response to all kinds of stress investigated so far. With respect to applied aspects in agriculture and crop breeding, this observation allows using ROS production as a measure to rank the stress perception of individual plants. ROS are important messengers in cell signaling, but exceeding a concentration threshold causes damage. This requires fine-tuning of ROS production and degradation rates. In general, there are two options to control cellular ROS levels, (I) ROS scavenging at the expense of antioxidant consumption and (II) enzyme-controlled degradation of ROS. As antioxidants are limited in quantity, the first strategy only allows temporarily buffering of a certain cellular ROS level. This way, it prevents spells of eventually damaging ROS concentrations. In this review, we focus on the second strategy. We discuss how enzyme-controlled degradation of ROS integrates into plant metabolism. Enzyme activities can be continuously operative. Cellular homeostasis can be achieved by regulation of respective gene expression and subsequent regulation of the enzyme activities. A better understanding of this interplay allows for identifying traits for stress tolerance breeding of crops. As a side effect, the result also may be used to identify cultivation methods modifying crop metabolism, thus resulting in special crop quality.

The present of research work was focused on mesophilic soil samples from four different sites of Jaipur (The Pink City) in Rajasthan. Rajasthan is a semi arid region and famous for its sandy soil, heat and temperature which reach up to 50°C in summers. Twenty nine colonies were isolated from the soil samples on nutrient agar media and three distinct isolates were selected and characterized after analyzing coloration of colony formation and zone of inhibition around and appearance of the colony. On the basis of biochemical tests, the isolates are suspected to belong to the genera, Bacillus, Actinomycetes and Staphylococcus. Antibiotic activity of the isolates was studied against some common nosocomial infection causing pathogens and promising results were observed. Out of 29 colonies, only 3 colonies viz. S-IA, S-IIA and S-IIIC showed appreciable biological activity against the above mentioned 2 test pathogens E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Further, inhibition zones were calculated in S-IA (IZ = 12 mm; AI = 1.5); S-II A (IZ = 42 mm; AI = 4.2) and S-III C (IZ = 12 mm; AI = 1.1). Key words: Antimicrobial efficacy, nosocomial infections, mesophilic soil, metabolomes, Rajasthan.

The present study was conducted in Ranthambhore National Park, located in the eastern region of Rajasthan, in District Sawai Madhopur. To record the ethnomedicinal knowledge of the local Mogiya tribe, a field survey was conducted. The Mogiya tribes that live in and around Ranthambhore National Park use 106 plant species from 48 families to treat a variety of illnesses. A thorough list of these plants, along with their botanical names, regional names, portions used and therapeutic uses, is provided in this publication. Several of the plants identified in this study have substantial therapeutic promise, particularly with regard to sports-related injuries. Following close examination and comparison with earlier research, we were able to pinpoint particular plants that show promise in treating common sports-related ailments like sprains, strains, inflammation and muscle soreness. These plants may offer natural options for the treatment of sports injuries because they contain active chemicals that have analgesic, anti-inflammatory and tissue regenerative qualities. The results demonstrate how additional clinical research and drug development based on Mogiya traditional knowledge could advance contemporary sports medicine.