In this paper, a novel secure optimal image watermarking scheme using an encrypted gyrator transform computer generated hologram (CGH) in the contourlet domain is presented. A new encrypted CGH technique, which is based on the gyrator transform, the random phase mask, the three-step phase-shifting interferometry and the Fibonacci transform, has been proposed to produce a hologram of a watermark first. With the huge key space of the encrypted CGH, the security strength of the watermarking system is enhanced. To achieve better imperceptibility, an improved quantization embedding algorithm is proposed to embed the encrypted CGH into the low frequency sub-band of the contourlet-transformed host image. In order to obtain the highest possible robustness without losing the imperceptibility, particle swarm optimization algorithm is employed to search the optimal embedding parameter of the watermarking system. In comparison with other method, the proposed watermarking scheme offers better performances for both imperceptibility and robustness. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed image watermarking is not only secure and invisible, but also robust against a variety of attacks.

Robustness against geometric attacks is one of the most important issues in digital watermarking. A novel geometric robust watermarking scheme that uses computer-generated holograms as the watermark is presented. To maintain imperceptibility and robustness, a quantization embedding algorithm is adopted to embed the mark hologram into the low-frequency subband of the wavelet-transformed host image. In the detection process, the geometric distorted watermarked images are recovered first by the proposed improved geometric correction method, which is based on the scale invariant feature transform, the invariant centroid, and the pulse coupled neural network. Then the mark holograms are extracted from the recovered images. In comparison with the traditional geometric estimation method, the suggested improved geometric correction method can estimate the geometric distortion parameters more accurately and needs less auxiliary information. Compared with other watermark schemes using digital holograms, the proposed method has the distinct advantage of robustness to geometric attacks. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method has good robustness to resist geometric attacks and common attacks including rotation, scaling, translation, image flipping, combined attacks, filtering, occlusion, cropping, and JPEG compression.

A novel adaptive secure holographic image watermarking method in the sharp frequency localized contourlet transform (SFLCT) domain is presented. Based upon the sine logistic modulation map and the logistic map, we develop an encrypted binary computer-generated hologram technique to fabricate a hologram of a watermark first. Owing to the enormous key space of the encrypted hologram, the security of the image watermarking system is increased. Then the hologram watermark is embedded into the SFLCT coefficients with Schur decomposition. To obtain better imperceptibility and robustness, the entropy and the edge entropy are utilized to select the suitable watermark embedding positions adaptively. Compared with other watermarking schemes, the suggested method provides a better performance with respect to both imperceptibility and robustness. Experiments show that our watermarking scheme for images is not only is secure and invisible, but also has a stronger robustness against different kinds of attack.