Food safety is a rising challenge worldwide due to the expanding population and the need to produce food to feed the growing population. At the same time, pesticide residues found in high concentrations in fresh agriculture pose a significant threat to food safety. Presently, crop output is being increased by applying herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, pesticides, fertilizers, nematicides, and soil amendments. A combination of factors, including bioaccumulation, widespread usage, selective toxicity, and stability, make pesticides among the most toxic compounds polluting the environment. They are especially harmful in vegetables and fruits because people are exposed to them. Thus, it is critical to monitor pesticide levels in fruits and vegetables using all analytical techniques available. Any evaluation of the condition of pesticide contamination in fruits and vegetables necessitates knowledge of maximum residue levels (MRLs). We set out the problems in determining various types of pesticides in vegetables and fruits, including the complexity and the diversity of matrices in biological materials. This review examines the different analytical techniques to determine the target analytes that must be isolated before final consumption. Many processes involved determining pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables and their advantages and disadvantages have been discussed with recommendations. Furthermore, MRLs of target pesticide residues in fruit and vegetable samples are discussed in the context of data from the literature. The review also examines MRLs’ impact on the international trade of fruits and vegetables. Accurate, sensitive, and robust analytical procedures are critical to ensuring that pesticide levels in food products are effectively regulated. Despite advances in detection technology, effective sample preparation procedures for pesticide residue measurement in cereals and feedstuffs are still needed. In addition, these methods must be compatible with current analytical techniques. Multi-residue approaches that cover a wide range of pesticides are desired, even though pesticides’ diverse natures, classes, and physio-chemical characteristics make such methods challenging to assemble. This review will be valuable to food analysts and regulatory authorities to monitor the quality and safety of fresh food products.

The COVID-19 pandemic at its peak compelled students to stay home and adapt to the distance learning system. The world has gone through phases of fear and respite in the recent years. There have been a number of studies related to student learning via online teaching during the pandemic. Now, as the vaccination coverage picks up and the pandemic appears to have achieved a plateau, it is time to take a view of students’ perceptions of online learning and its effectiveness in skill development during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study assesses the students’ preferences and perceptions regarding offline and online learning post-COVID-19 lockdown and with the resumption of offline classes. A cross-sectional study was conducted at King Khalid University, Aseer region, from the period of 1 January 2022 to 30 January 2022. A convenience sampling technique was utilized to collect data from female students. Data analysis was conducted by using SPSS version 22.0. A total of 480 students participated in the study, their mean age was 19.79 ± 1.48. More than half of the students (64%) still fear getting COVID-19 as they continue with the in-person or offline classes despite having completed their doses of vaccination. Almost half of the students have difficulty in waking up after the recommencement of offline classes. The majority (77%) felt tired after starting offline classes, and 63% felt unhappy after starting offline classes again. The majority of students believe that, with offline classes, they have difficulty in time management and concentration. The majority of students believed that, with online classes, they are more comfortable in gaining knowledge and learning, more alert, more satisfied, and gain higher scores in exams. The majority of students preferred the online mode of learning, with about 72% of students wishing to continue online learning in the future. This research underlines the influence of fear of getting COVID-19 after the commencement of face-to-face learning amongst the students. Students were more inclined to continue with online classes because of fear of getting COVID-19, despite having full doses of the vaccination in Saudi Arabia. There is a need for a better understanding of students’ motivations and coping mechanisms during the pandemic.

Background: T-cell-engaging bispecific antibodies (TCEs) have transformed haematological malignancy treatment (blinatumomab > 40% complete remission), yet solid tumour efficacy remains limited (<15% response rates) due to antigen heterogeneity, immunosuppressive microenvironments, and T-cell dysfunction. Systematic molecular engineering, biomarker-driven patient selection, and rational tumour microenvironment modulation are now collectively transforming TCEs from experimental agents into an adaptable platform therapy for solid tumours. Methods: Review of 55 phase I–III trials of CD3-based TCEs in solid tumours, including tarlatamab (DLL3-targeted, small-cell lung cancer) and xaluritamig (STEAP1-targeted, prostate cancer). Analysis of next-generation engineering strategies and resistance mechanisms via genomic and immunohistochemical data. Result: Response rates now approach ~40% in selected settings, marking an inflection point. In extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer, tarlatamab achieved ~40% responses with definitive survival benefit (phase III HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.47–0.77; p < 0.001; median OS 13.6 months). In metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, xaluritamig produced ~41% responses in heavily pretreated patients. Step-up dosing reduced severe cytokine release syndrome to <1% (as low as 0.6% with teclistamab), enabling outpatient administration. Neurological adverse events require monitoring but are less frequent than with cellular therapies. Together these results mark a decisive transition from proof-of-concept to clinically validated platform therapy. Discussion: Three resistance mechanisms limit durability: (i) antigen heterogeneity (28–60% of progressors develop antigen-negative subclones); (ii) immunosuppressive microenvironments (stromal barriers, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, hypoxia); (iii) T-cell exhaustion (PD-1/TIM-3/LAG-3 co-expression). Conclusions: Next-generation TCE platforms integrating conditional activation, cytokine payloads, and checkpoint modulation—deployed with biomarker-guided selection and TME-modulating combinations—represent a transformative therapeutic strategy. With tarlatamab’s phase III survival benefit establishing clinical proof-of-concept, and pivotal trials underway for xaluritamig and next-generation agents, TCEs are positioned to become standard-of-care platform therapies in biomarker-defined solid tumours by 2028–2030.

Given the lingering threat of COVID infection, questions are being raised if coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine needs annual or regular boosters to maintain high levels of immunity against both the original virus and variants. This study was designed to evaluate the knowledge, acceptance, motivators and barriers of the booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine among the dental patients of District Lucknow, India. A total of 297 respondents were selected by a convenience sampling method in this cross-sectional study from various dental clinics. An anonymous, self-administered, closed-ended questionnaire was used. Overall 37.7% respondents reported to have taken all 3 doses and 57.9% had taken single/double doses. Correct information about booster doses shows a significant association with the number of doses taken. The majority had information about the availability of the Pfizer booster vaccine (69.0%). About 58% of participants had information about the technology used in booster doses. The hesitancy for booster doses and the development of natural immunity by infection show significant associations with the number of doses taken. Only 18.2% patients had hesitation about the booster dose and most of them 78.8% recommended others to take the booster vaccine as soon as possible. The majority assumed that previous COVID-19 vaccines can help them get immune (21.5%) followed by not much research has been done on the booster vaccines (15.5%) and their chronic diseases warn them against the booster dose administration (12.5%). Nearly 18.2% of respondents had hesitation about booster dose and less than one third of the respondents trusted a government source for information about booster dose of COVID vaccine. Nearly 36 % did not know that the booster dose of COVID vaccine is available at health centers. Dental health professionals and policymakers should implement and support strategies to ensure people are vaccinated for COVID-19 booster doses.

Researchers are interested in a number of interdisciplinary approaches that might speed up and reduce the cost of creating new medications. This work aims to determine target proteins and choose a lead medication to combat the Nipah Virus. Following a study of the literature, we discover the non-structural V protein (UniProt ID: Q997F2). I-TASSER was used to estimate the 3D structure. We examined the flavonoid dataset in search of a strong inhibitor. Pyrx is used to use AutoDock Vina for docking. The interactions between the drug and the target protein binding were examined using BIOVIA Discovery Studio. Desmond’s Molecular Dynamics Simulation (MD simulation) was used to study the stability of protein and inhibitor complexes in a physiological environment. Based on our research, we have designed two lead compounds that lessen the virus’s effect. This discovery will benefit science as it may lead to the development of novel medications. The newly discovered natural compounds showed promise as inhibitors, showing less adverse effects and more efficiency.

Introduction: In the marginalised countries most neglected health issue is Newborn mortality. A study was undertaken to assess the influence of factors and newborn care practices influencing newborn health in the rural area of Bareilly district. Methodology: The Descriptive cross-sectional study was organized in the rural areas of Bareilly. Study participants were selected based on the mothers who gave birth to a baby during the last six months. The mothers who delivered in that area within six months were included, and using the semi-structured questionnaire, data was collected. Data analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS 2021 version for windows. Results: Mothers initiating early breastfeeding were more commonly 78 (52.3%) observed in the younger mothers at 24-29 years, followed by 48(32.3%) at 30-35 years, the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). Delayed bathing was observed in nearly 125 (70.1%) three fourth in the age of 24-29 years, followed by 29 (16.8%) in the age period 30-35 years. It was observed that unsafe cord care practices were observed more among 8(53.4%) nuclear families than 7(46.6%) joint families, and it was found to be statistically insignificant. Conclusion: The practice of essential newborn care still needs to improve in Bareilly; there is a need to create awareness to the mothers and family members on newborn and early neonatal care aspects, such as promoting exclusive and early initiation of breastfeeding and delayed bathing practices.