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Waqas Qazi
Geospatial Research & Education Lab (GREL), Department of Space Science, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan

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Journal article
Published: 20 April 2020 in Land
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In the late 1960s, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan’s capital shifted from Karachi to Islamabad, officially named Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT). In this aspect, the ICT is a young city, but undergoing rapid expansion and urbanization, especially in the last two decades. This study reports the measurement and characterization of ICT land cover change dynamics using Landsat satellite imagery for the years 1976, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2016. Annual rate of change, landscape metrics, and urban forest fragmentation spatiotemporal analyses have been carried out, along with the calculation of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicator 11.3.1 Land Consumption Rate to the Population Growth Rate (LCRPGR). The results show consistent increase in the settlement class, with highest annual rate of 8.79% during 2000–2010. Tree cover >40% and 500 acres’ class decreased from 392 km2 (65.41%) to 241 km2 (55%), and ‘patch forest’ class increased from 15 km2 (2.46%) to 20 km2 (4.54%), from 1976 to 2016. The LCRPGR ratio was 0.62 from 1976 to 2000, increasing to 1.36 from 2000 to 2016.

ACS Style

Hammad Gilani; Sohail Ahmad; Waqas Ahmed Qazi; Syed Muhammad Abubakar; Murtaza Khalid. Monitoring of Urban Landscape Ecology Dynamics of Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT), Pakistan, Over Four Decades (1976–2016). Land 2020, 9, 123 .

AMA Style

Hammad Gilani, Sohail Ahmad, Waqas Ahmed Qazi, Syed Muhammad Abubakar, Murtaza Khalid. Monitoring of Urban Landscape Ecology Dynamics of Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT), Pakistan, Over Four Decades (1976–2016). Land. 2020; 9 (4):123.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hammad Gilani; Sohail Ahmad; Waqas Ahmed Qazi; Syed Muhammad Abubakar; Murtaza Khalid. 2020. "Monitoring of Urban Landscape Ecology Dynamics of Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT), Pakistan, Over Four Decades (1976–2016)." Land 9, no. 4: 123.

Journal article
Published: 14 December 2018 in Remote Sensing
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Flash floods which occur due to heavy rainfall in hilly and semi-hilly areas may prove deleterious when they hit urban centers. The prediction of such localized and heterogeneous phenomena is a challenge due to a scarcity of in-situ rainfall. A possible solution is the utilization of satellite-based precipitation products. The current study evaluates the efficacy of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) three-hourly products, i.e., 3B42 near-real-time (3B42RT) and 3B42 research version (3B42V7) at a sub-daily time scale. Various categorical indices have been used to assess the capability of products in the detection of rain/no-rain. Hourly rain rates are assessed by employing the most commonly used statistical measures, such as correlation coefficients (CC), mean bias error (MBE), mean absolute error (MAE), and root-mean-square error (RMSE). Further, a diurnal analysis is performed to authenticate TMPA’s performance in specific hours of the day. In general, the results show the good capability of both TMPA products in the detection of rain/no-rain events in all seasons except winter. Specifically, 3B42V7 performed better than 3B42RT. Moreover, both products detect a high number of rainy days falsely in light rain ranges. Regarding rainfall measurements, TMPA products exhibit an overall underestimation. Seasonally, 3B42V7 underestimates rainfall in monsoon and post-monsoon, and overestimates in winter and pre-monsoon. 3B42RT, on the other hand, underestimates rainfall in all seasons. A greater MBE and RMSE are found with both TMPA rain measurements in monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Overall, a weak correlation and high MBE between the TMPA (3B42RT, 3B42V7) and reference gauge hourly rain rates are found at a three-hourly time scale (CC = 0.41, 0.38, MBE = −0.92, −0.70). The correlation is significant at decadal (CC = 0.79, 0.77) and monthly (CC = 0.91, 0,90) timescales. Furthermore, diurnal rainfall analysis indicates low credibility of 3B42RT to detect flash flooding. Within the parameters of this study, we conclude that the TMPA products are not the best choice at a three-hourly time scale in hilly/semi-hilly areas of Pakistan. However, both products can be used at daily, yet more reliably above daily, time scales, with 3B42V7 preferable due to its consistency.

ACS Style

Asid Ur Rehman; Farrukh Chishtie; Waqas A. Qazi; Sajid Ghuffar; Khunsa Fatima. Evaluation of Three-Hourly TMPA Rainfall Products Using Telemetric Rain Gauge Observations at Lai Nullah Basin in Islamabad, Pakistan. Remote Sensing 2018, 10, 2040 .

AMA Style

Asid Ur Rehman, Farrukh Chishtie, Waqas A. Qazi, Sajid Ghuffar, Khunsa Fatima. Evaluation of Three-Hourly TMPA Rainfall Products Using Telemetric Rain Gauge Observations at Lai Nullah Basin in Islamabad, Pakistan. Remote Sensing. 2018; 10 (12):2040.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Asid Ur Rehman; Farrukh Chishtie; Waqas A. Qazi; Sajid Ghuffar; Khunsa Fatima. 2018. "Evaluation of Three-Hourly TMPA Rainfall Products Using Telemetric Rain Gauge Observations at Lai Nullah Basin in Islamabad, Pakistan." Remote Sensing 10, no. 12: 2040.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2018 in The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science
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This study examines ALOS-2 PALSAR L-band dual-polarization (HH and HV) SAR data and Landsat-8 optical imagery for land cover classification. The SAR data has been preprocessed first, which included radiometric calibration, geocoding, and speckle filtering. The HH/HV band ratio has been used to create the third band, and thus a synthetic RGB SAR image was created. The Landsat-8 data was also preprocessed for the classification process. For land cover classification of both SAR and optical datasets, the supervised maximum likelihood classifier was used. Training samples were selected from the Landsat-8 optical imagery with the support of information available in Google Earth; the same pixel locations of training data were used to extract training data from SAR image as well. The Landsat-8 optical imagery was classified and also used for visual assessment of the SAR land cover classification results. Accuracy assessment has been done for both the results of SAR and Landsat-8 data. The SAR classified output gives us accuracy of 93.15% and the Landsat-8 classified map accuracy was 91.34%, while the Kappa coefficient for SAR and Landsat-8 classified images is 0.92 and 0.89, respectively. Classification limitations exist in some cases, such as roads being merged in vegetation areas and some of the barren land is merged in settlements. The land cover classification can be expected to be further improved using polarimetric decomposition methods and fusion of SAR data with optical data.

ACS Style

Muhammad Zeeshan Ali; Waqas Qazi; Nasir Aslam. A comparative study of ALOS-2 PALSAR and landsat-8 imagery for land cover classification using maximum likelihood classifier. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science 2018, 21, S29 -S35.

AMA Style

Muhammad Zeeshan Ali, Waqas Qazi, Nasir Aslam. A comparative study of ALOS-2 PALSAR and landsat-8 imagery for land cover classification using maximum likelihood classifier. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science. 2018; 21 ():S29-S35.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Zeeshan Ali; Waqas Qazi; Nasir Aslam. 2018. "A comparative study of ALOS-2 PALSAR and landsat-8 imagery for land cover classification using maximum likelihood classifier." The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science 21, no. : S29-S35.

Journal article
Published: 08 February 2018 in International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management
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Purpose The purpose of the study is to analyse the occurrence and distribution of different tree species in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, as a baseline for further inventories, and estimate the biomass per species and plot. Furthermore, it aims to measure forest biodiversity using established formulae for tree species diversity index, richness, evenness and accumulative curve. Design/methodology/approach Field data were collected, including stratification of forest sample plots. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out, and locally appropriate allometric equations were applied for biomass estimation. Findings Representative circular 556 forest sample plots of 1,000 m2 contained 13,135 trees belonging to nine tree species with a total aboveground biomass of 12,887 tonnes. Sixty-eight per cent of the trees were found between 2,600 and 3,400 masl; approximately 63 per cent had a diameter at breast height equal to 30 cm, and 45 per cent were less than 12 m in height. The Shannon diversity index was 1.82, and Simpson’s index of diversity was 0.813. Research limitations/implications Rough terrain, long distances, harsh weather conditions and location of forest in steep narrow valleys presented challenges for the field crews, and meant that fieldwork took longer than planned. Practical implications Estimating biomass in Gilgit-Baltistan’s forests using locally developed allometric equations will provide transparency in estimates of forest reference levels, National Forest Monitoring System in Pakistan and devising Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation national strategies and for effective implementation. Originality/value This paper presents the first detailed forest inventory carried out for the dry temperate and semi-arid cold region of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan.

ACS Style

Ismail Ismail; Muhammad Sohail; Hammad Gilani; Anwar Ali; Kiramat Hussain; Kamran Hussain; Bhaskar Singh Karky; Faisal Mueen Qamer; Waqas Qazi; Wu Ning; Rajan Kotru. Forest inventory and analysis in Gilgit-Baltistan. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 2018, 10, 616 -631.

AMA Style

Ismail Ismail, Muhammad Sohail, Hammad Gilani, Anwar Ali, Kiramat Hussain, Kamran Hussain, Bhaskar Singh Karky, Faisal Mueen Qamer, Waqas Qazi, Wu Ning, Rajan Kotru. Forest inventory and analysis in Gilgit-Baltistan. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management. 2018; 10 (4):616-631.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ismail Ismail; Muhammad Sohail; Hammad Gilani; Anwar Ali; Kiramat Hussain; Kamran Hussain; Bhaskar Singh Karky; Faisal Mueen Qamer; Waqas Qazi; Wu Ning; Rajan Kotru. 2018. "Forest inventory and analysis in Gilgit-Baltistan." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 10, no. 4: 616-631.

Journal article
Published: 24 January 2018 in ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information
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Increasing trends of urbanization lead to vegetation degradation in big cities and affect the urban thermal environment. This study investigated (1) the cooling effect of urban green space spatial patterns on Land Surface Temperature (LST); (2) how the surrounding environment influences the green space cool islands (GCI), and vice versa. The study was conducted in two Asian capitals: Beijing, China and Islamabad, Pakistan by utilizing Gaofen-1 (GF-1) and Landsat-8 satellite imagery. Pearson’s correlation and normalized mutual information (NMI) were applied to investigate the relationship between green space characteristics and LST. Landscape metrics of green spaces including Percentage of Landscape (PLAND), Patch Density (PD), Edge Density (ED), and Landscape Shape Index (LSI) were selected to calculate the spatial patterns of green spaces, whereas GCI indicators were defined by Green Space Range (GR), Temperature Difference (TD), and Temperature Gradient (TG). The results indicate that both vegetation composition and configuration influence LST distributions; however, vegetation composition appeared to have a slightly greater effect. The cooling effect can be produced more effectively by increasing green space percentage, planting trees in large patches with equal distribution, and avoiding complex-shaped green spaces. The GCI principle indicates that LST can be decreased by increasing the green space area, increasing the water body fraction, or by decreasing the fraction of impervious surfaces. GCI can also be strengthened by decreasing the fraction of impervious surfaces and increasing the fraction of water body or vegetation in the surrounding environment. The cooling effect of vegetation and water could be explained based on their thermal properties. Beijing has already enacted the green-wedge initiative to increase the vegetation canopy. While designing the future urban layout of Islamabad, the construction of artificial lakes within the urban green spaces would also be beneficial, as is the case with Beijing.

ACS Style

Shahid Naeem; Chunxiang Cao; Waqas Ahmed Qazi; Mehdi Zamani; Chen Wei; Bipin Kumar Acharya; Asid Ur Rehman. Studying the Association between Green Space Characteristics and Land Surface Temperature for Sustainable Urban Environments: An Analysis of Beijing and Islamabad. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 2018, 7, 38 .

AMA Style

Shahid Naeem, Chunxiang Cao, Waqas Ahmed Qazi, Mehdi Zamani, Chen Wei, Bipin Kumar Acharya, Asid Ur Rehman. Studying the Association between Green Space Characteristics and Land Surface Temperature for Sustainable Urban Environments: An Analysis of Beijing and Islamabad. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2018; 7 (2):38.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shahid Naeem; Chunxiang Cao; Waqas Ahmed Qazi; Mehdi Zamani; Chen Wei; Bipin Kumar Acharya; Asid Ur Rehman. 2018. "Studying the Association between Green Space Characteristics and Land Surface Temperature for Sustainable Urban Environments: An Analysis of Beijing and Islamabad." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 7, no. 2: 38.

Journal article
Published: 03 May 2017 in Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing
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ACS Style

Shahbaz Baig; Waqas A. Qazi; Aqeela Mobeen Akhtar; Mirza Muhammad Waqar; Ahmad Ammar; Hammad Gilani; Syed Amer Mehmood. Above Ground Biomass Estimation of Dalbergia sissoo Forest Plantation from Dual-Polarized ALOS-2 PALSAR Data. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 2017, 43, 297 -308.

AMA Style

Shahbaz Baig, Waqas A. Qazi, Aqeela Mobeen Akhtar, Mirza Muhammad Waqar, Ahmad Ammar, Hammad Gilani, Syed Amer Mehmood. Above Ground Biomass Estimation of Dalbergia sissoo Forest Plantation from Dual-Polarized ALOS-2 PALSAR Data. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing. 2017; 43 (3):297-308.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shahbaz Baig; Waqas A. Qazi; Aqeela Mobeen Akhtar; Mirza Muhammad Waqar; Ahmad Ammar; Hammad Gilani; Syed Amer Mehmood. 2017. "Above Ground Biomass Estimation of Dalbergia sissoo Forest Plantation from Dual-Polarized ALOS-2 PALSAR Data." Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 43, no. 3: 297-308.