This study aims to analyze the influence of foreign direct investment, tourism, exports, and imports on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the High-Income State, Upper-Middle Income, and Lower-Middle-Middle Income in Asia during the period of 2010 to 2019. This study uses the Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood (PPML) method. The results of this study indicate that Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis (EKC) is valid in the country of High Income and Upper-Middle Income. In addition, there is a non-linear relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI), tourism, Export, and imports on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The interaction variables, which are a foreign direct investment with tourism and foreign direct investment with Export. Each of them is reducing carbon dioxide emissions only in high-income countries. Meanwhile, the interaction variables between foreign direct investment and imports reduce carbon dioxide emissions in high-income countries. However, it increases the carbon dioxide emissions in the upper-middle-income country

This study explores the determinants of the export performance of Indonesia’s low-, medium-, and high-technology manufacturing industries by focusing on the role of raw-material imports and technical efficiency. Micro firm-level data from 2010–2015 were utilized for the analysis in this study. The stochastic frontier analysis was employed to measure technical inefficiency and to determine its effect on export performance. Our findings indicate that in all categories of industry technical efficiency, raw materials imports, foreign direct investment (FDI), location, firm size, labour productivity, and concentration of industries were significant determinants of export performance. While high efficiency increases exports in low- and medium-technology firms, exports decrease in firms with high efficiency accompanied by high imports, FDI, size, and labour productivity. Furthermore, in high-technology industries, efficiency reduces exports and again increases them when mediated by a concentration of industries and location. The empirical strategy also supports the positive effect of imports on export performance in both industries, which also aligns with decreased exports in firms with high imports accompanied by high FDI, efficiency, labour productivity, the concentration of industries, and size. To this end, the study has implications for low-, medium-, and high-technology manufacturing that are mainly concerned with increasing exports.

Environmental degradation mitigation has become a critical ecological and economic concern since the Kyoto Earth Summit in 1997 and the Paris Agreement in 2015. Yet, economic considerations continue to be a top focus. Globalization, urbanization, rapid economic growth, foreign direct investment (FDI), and tourist arrivals have put tremendous strain on natural resources, speeding climate change and exacerbating ecological disasters, especially in some nations, without considering environmental quality. This study examines the intertwined dynamics of FDI, urbanization, tourism, total patents, and globalization on the ecological footprint across nine selected Southeast Asian (ASEAN) countries from 1995 to 2020. Employing canonical cointegration regression (CCR), dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS), and fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) for baseline assessment, along with quantile regression for robustness, this research provides substantial insights. The results confirm the validity of the pollution haven hypothesis, revealing that FDI reduces environmental quality in ASEAN. Similarly, urbanization, tourism, and total patents have significant positive coefficients, signifying negative environmental impacts. Conversely, GDP and globalization have emerged as key factors in mitigating the ecological footprint. To achieve the sustainable development goals in ASEAN, policies on FDI, urbanization, and tourism must be designed to balance economic growth with environmental quality.