Plants adapt to biotic and abiotic stresses through extensive metabolic reprogramming that reallocates cellular resources toward defense while maintaining metabolic homeostasis. This process is tightly regulated by interconnected signaling networks, in which phytohormones, including salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, and abscisic acid, integrate stress perception with transcriptional and metabolic responses. Recent advances in metabolomics have enabled systems-level characterization of these dynamic processes, revealing how metabolic pathways are coordinately rewired during stress adaptation. In this review, we synthesize current understanding of the mechanistic links between early signaling events and downstream metabolic outcomes. We highlight how stress perception through pattern recognition receptors, Ca²⁺ influx, reactive oxygen species, and mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades is coupled to transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of both primary and specialized metabolisms. Key metabolic adjustments include reconfiguration of central carbon metabolism, maintenance of redox balance, and induction of defense-associated compounds such as phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and phytoalexins. We further examine the metabolic basis of the growth-defense trade-off, emphasizing the roles of TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) and SNF1-RELATED KINASE 1 (SnRK1) in coordinating energy allocation under stress conditions. Emerging approaches, including targeted and untargeted metabolomics, spatial and temporal profiling, stable isotope-assisted fluxomics, and multi-omics integration, are discussed as key tools for dissecting plant defense metabolism. Despite these advances, challenges remain in linking metabolic changes to causal defense functions and in resolving context-dependent responses under complex stress conditions. Collectively, this review provides a mechanistic and systems-level framework that connects signaling networks with metabolic reprogramming, offering new opportunities for improving crop resilience through metabolic engineering and precision breeding.

Five new species of Heteropoda (Araneae: Sparassidae, Heteropodinae) from Southeast Asia are described: H. acris spec. nov. (male, female; Vietnam), H. cuspidata spec. nov. (male; Malaysia), H. papilionacea spec. nov. (female; Malaysia), H. pilata spec. nov. (female; Thailand), and H. verticalis spec. nov. (male; Malaysia). The female of H. jasminae Jäger, 2008 is described for the first time (locality: Vietnam). All these new species are diagnosed, described, and illustrated. Additionally, a distribution map for all species is given.

Five new species of Heteropoda (Araneae, Sparassidae, Heteropodinae) are described from China: H. bawanglingensis sp. nov. (female; Hainan), H. dulongensis sp. nov. (male, female; Yunnan), H. hainanensis sp. nov. (male, female; Hainan), H. longa sp. nov. (female; Guizhou), and H. vaginalis sp. nov. (female; Yunnan). We provide descriptions and illustrations for each species as well as a distribution map in the current paper.

Climate change poses significant risks to food security and contributes to widespread soil degradation. Effective strategies are urgently needed to mitigate its impacts and ensure stable crop production and food quality. Biochar has shown strong potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, enhance carbon sequestration, and immobilize soil contaminants such as heavy metals and organic pollutants. These benefits can lead to increased crop yields, improved nutritional quality, and reduced uptake of harmful substances by plants. This review summarizes the possible mechanisms through which biochar influences the biochar–soil–plant interface, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of its multifaceted roles. Although positive effects of biochar on crop production are frequently reported, neutral or even negative outcomes have also been observed. Such adverse effects may be attributed to the presence of volatile organic compounds, free radicals, or heavy metals in certain biochars that inhibit plant growth. Additionally, biochar application has been found to reduce plant infections caused by pathogens, likely due to the presence of organic compounds that act as microbial inhibitors. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which biochar affects plant growth is essential for its effective use as a tool to combat climate change and enhance food security.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) was associated with 4.95 million deaths in 2019 and may cause 10 million deaths annually by 2050. We synthesize evidence on how the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) has evolved an expanded antimicrobial peptide (AMP) repertoire, which structural features drive family-specific activity, what mechanisms are directly demonstrated in H. illucens, and how AI contributes. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus (plus targeted Google Scholar) were searched from inception to 1 February 2026; studies were included when they reported BSF peptide identities, expression/proteomics, evolutionary analyses, quantitative activity, mechanistic assays, or BSF-focused computation, and claims were tiered as predicted, expression-supported, or experimentally supported. The literature supports 50–80 BSF AMP genes, plausibly shaped by gene duplication and balancing/diversifying selection in microbe-rich substrates, with marked induction plasticity across tissues, development, diet, and challenge. SAR is family-dependent: defensin-like peptides rely on disulfide-stabilized CSαβ folds and cationic surface topology; cecropin-like peptides on amphipathic α-helices with selectivity trade-offs; attacin-like peptides on β-architecture where charge-based heuristics are weak; and diptericin/proline-rich peptides remain largely inference-driven in BSF. Mechanistic evidence is strongest for membrane/envelope-centered killing by DLP4 and pore-associated envelope disruption by a recombinant attacin-like peptide, whereas pore geometry, oligomerization, intracellular targets, and broad “resistance-proof” claims remain unresolved. Key gaps include assay heterogeneity, salt/serum stability, selectivity/toxicity, resistance-risk testing, and limited in vivo validation, which must be addressed for credible AMR-relevant translation.

1. Wheat is a major staple crop and a central contributor to global food and nutritional security, but its productivity is increasingly threatened by soil salinity. 1 , 2 Salinity is particularly s...